Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals from logistic regression on home healthcare use and parameter estimates from OLS regression on log-transformed home healthcare expenditures among users. National Medicare 5% sample, 2006-2007.
| AOR | 95% CI | Sig. | Beta | S.E. | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | — | — | — | 7.627 | 0.073 | ∗∗∗ |
| Parkinson's disease | ||||||
| Yes | 2.12 | [1.99, 2.25] | ∗∗∗ | 0.333 | 0.024 | ∗∗∗ |
| No | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1.30 | [1.23, 1.37] | ∗∗∗ | 0.123 | 0.024 | ∗∗∗ |
| Male | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | ||||||
| AA | 1.52 | [1.37, 1.68] | ∗∗∗ | 0.279 | 0.043 | ∗∗∗ |
| Others | 1.13 | [0.98, 1.29] | 0.170 | 0.057 | ∗∗ | |
| Age group | ||||||
| 75, + | 2.11 | [1.99, 2.23] | ∗∗∗ | −0.127 | 0.025 | ∗∗∗ |
| 65–74 | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Enabling characteristics | ||||||
| Public assistance | ||||||
| Yes | 1.17 | [1.08, 1.26] | ∗∗∗ | 0.128 | 0.032 | ∗∗∗ |
| No | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| External environmental characteristics | ||||||
| Census region | ||||||
| Northeastern | 1.29 | [1.18, 1.41] | ∗∗∗ | −0.098 | 0.040 | ∗ |
| Midwest | 1.03 | [0.94, 1.13] | −0.156 | 0.040 | ∗∗∗ | |
| South | 1.40 | [1.29, 1.52] | ∗∗∗ | 0.196 | 0.036 | ∗∗∗ |
| West | ||||||
| Metro status | ||||||
| Metro | 1.14 | [1.06, 1.21] | ∗∗∗ | 0.075 | 0.029 | ∗ |
| No metro | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Personal health choice | ||||||
| Substance use | ||||||
| Yes | 1.11 | [0.98, 1.25] | −0.004 | 0.050 | ||
| No | ||||||
| Outpatient visit quintile | ||||||
| 0-0 | 1.06 | [0.96, 1.16] | 0.120 | 0.040 | ∗∗ | |
| 1-1 | 1.08 | [0.99, 1.19] | 0.111 | 0.040 | ∗∗ | |
| 2-3 | 1.08 | [0.99, 1.17] | 0.057 | 0.034 | ||
| 4–6 | 1.08 | [1.00, 1.17] | −0.001 | 0.034 | ||
| 7 or higher | ||||||
| Office visit quintile | ||||||
| 0–5 | 0.87 | [0.76, 1.00] | −0.071 | 0.062 | ||
| 6–10 | 0.87 | [0.78, 0.97] | ∗ | −0.021 | 0.048 | |
| 11–16 | 0.96 | [0.87, 1.05] | −0.009 | 0.040 | ||
| 17–25 | 1.05 | [0.97, 1.14] | −0.037 | 0.033 | ||
| 26 or higher | ||||||
| SNF visits | 0.88 | [0.85, 0.91] | ∗∗∗ | 0.052 | 0.012 | ∗∗∗ |
| Inpatient visits | 1.22 | [1.18, 1.26] | ∗∗∗ | 0.033 | 0.013 | ∗ |
| Hospice visits | 0.97 | [0.93, 1.01] | 0.001 | 0.016 | ||
| DME visits | 1.05 | [1.05, 1.06] | ∗∗∗ | 0.016 | 0.002 | ∗∗∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Need factors | ||||||
| Number of comorbidities | 1.04 | [1.03, 1.04] | ∗∗∗ | 0.006 | 0.002 | ∗∗∗ |
Note: logistic regression conducted on 10,865 and 50,009 elderly (age 65 or older) Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson's disease who were continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and Part B during 2006 and 2007 and were not enrolled in Health Maintenance Organizations during 2006 and 2007; they had a positive direct total healthcare expenditure; individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as well as those without full year enrollments due to death or some other reason were excluded from the final sample.
Ordinary Least Squares regression conducted on 2,445 and 4,601 elderly (age 65 or older) Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson's disease who were continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and Part B during 2006 and 2007 and were not enrolled in Health Maintenance Organizations during 2006 and 2007; they were home healthcare users; individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as well as those without full year enrollments due to death or some other reason were excluded from the final sample.
OLS: Ordinary Least Squares; S.E.: Standard Errors; PD: Parkinson's disease; AA: African Americans; SUD: substance use disorder; DME: durable medical equipment; SNF: skilled nursing facility.
∗∗∗ p < .001; ∗∗.001 ≤ p < .01; ∗.01 ≤ p < .05.