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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Mol Med. 2015 Apr 4;21(6):373–384. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.002

Figure 4. Mechanisms of PARP13 regulation.

Figure 4

Bullet points indicate how the indicated regulation affects PARP13 levels and activity; boxed text indicates how inhibition (red) or activation (green) of these regulatory mechanisms can be used therapeutically. Clockwise: 1) PARP13 expression is upregulated at the level of transcription by interferons. 2) PARP13 is poly(ADP-ribos)ylated by another member of the PARP family; ADP-ribosylation of PARP13 increases during stress and infection, and likely increases PARP13 activity. 3) PARP13 is phosphorylated at multiple residues by GSK3β; phosphorylation promotes the translational repression function of PARP13. 4) PARP13.1 is farnesylated at Cys899, a modification that results in its anchoring to cellular membranes.