Table 2.
Epigenetic changes and their supposed role in meningiomas.
| Epigenetic alterations | Affected genes | Distribution between WHO grades | Possible effects in meningioma |
|---|---|---|---|
| Promoter methylation | TIMP3 | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with tumour progression and aggressiveness parameters |
| HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10 | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with tumour progression and aggressiveness parameters | |
| RASSF1A | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with the malignant transformation of a meningioma | |
| TP73 | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with the malignant transformation of a meningioma | |
| NDRG2 | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with malignant progression and predisposition to recurrence | |
| MAL2 | Grade 1 | Unknown | |
| IGF2BP1 | Grade 2 | Increases the malignant potential of tumours | |
| PDCD1 | Grade 2 | Increases the malignant potential of tumours | |
|
| |||
| Disturbed chromatin regulation | KDM5C | Grades 1 and 3 | Disturbed chromatin regulation |
| KDM6A | Grade 2 | Disturbed chromatin regulation | |
| SMARCB1 | Grade 1 | Abnormal chromatin remodelling | |
|
| |||
| Abnormal microRNAs expression | miR-29c-3p | Grades 1 > 2 > 3 | Associated with advanced clinical stages |
| miR-219-5p | Grades 1 > 2 > 3 | Associated with advanced clinical stages | |
| miR-190a | Grades 1 < 2 < 3 | Associated with advanced clinical stages | |
| miR-200a | Unknown | Functions as a multifunctional tumour suppressor miRNA | |
| miR-145 | Grades 1 > 2; 3 | Has an important antimigratory and antiproliferative function | |