Table 2.

Effects of volatile anesthetics on oxidative stress and inflammation in rodents.

Disease model	Inducer	Anesthetics	Effects	Reference
Cardiac ischemia in rat myocyte	Hypoxia	Isoflurane	Antioxidant effects	[32]
	Hydrogen peroxide		Antiapoptosis effects
	Neutrophil		Cardioprotective effects
Cerebral ischemia in rats	Cerebral artery occlusion	Sevoflurane, isoflurane	Antioxidant effects	[33]
			Anti-inflammatory effects
Diabetic rats	Mutation in the leptin receptor gene	Isoflurane	Antioxidant effects	[34]
			Decreased myocardial contraction
MODS in mice	Zymosan	Isoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[18]
MODS in mice	Zymosan	Isoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[35]
MODS in mice	Zymosan	Isoflurane	Antiapoptosis effects	[36]
			Anti-inflammatory effects
Inflammation in rats	LPS	Sevoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[37]
Inflammation in rats	LPS	Isoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[38]
Sepsis in mice	Cecal ligation and puncture	Sevoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[39]
Sepsis in rat	Cecal ligation and puncture	Sevoflurane, isoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[40]
Rat liver transplantation	—	Sevoflurane	Antioxidant effects	[41]

MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.