Table 3.

Effects of volatile anesthetics on oxidative stress and inflammation in humans.

Subject of study	Anesthetics	Effects	References
Patients (elective lower abdominal surgery)	Isoflurane, sevoflurane	Increased DNA damage	[43]
Patients (orthopedic surgery)	Sevoflurane	Increased DNA damage	[44]
Patients (elective hysterectomy)	Isoflurane	Increased inflammation response	[45]
Patients (elective cholecystectomy)	Isoflurane	Increased inflammation response	[46]
Patients (elective thoracotomy lobectomy)	Sevoflurane	Pulmonary dysfunction by increased inflammation response	[47]
Patients (otorhinological surgery)	Isoflurane, sevoflurane	No alteration of DNA damage	[48]
Patients (otorhinological surgery)	Isoflurane	No alteration of DNA damage	[49]
Patients (abdominal surgery)	Sevoflurane	Antioxidant activity	[50]
Patients (otorhinological surgery)	Isoflurane	No induction of oxidative stress	[51]
		No induction of inflammation
Patients (otorhinological surgery)	Sevoflurane	No alteration of redox state	[52]
Patients (open thoracic surgery)	Sevoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[53]
Patients (open thoracic surgery)	Sevoflurane	Anti-inflammatory effects	[54]
Patients (otorhinological surgery)	Isoflurane, sevoflurane	No alteration of cytokine profiles	[55]
Operating room personnel	Sevoflurane	No alteration of DNA damage	[56]
Operating room personnel	Isoflurane	Increased DNA damage	[57]