Table 1.
Study participant characteristics (N = 158), by delivery mode.
| Maternal/delivery characteristics | Vaginal delivery (N = 105; 66.5%) | C-section delivery (N = 53; 33.5%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||
| Age at study visit (years) | 25.9 ± 6.1 | 26.1 ± 5.6 | 0.825 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 6.7 | 31.4 ± 7.3 | ∗ < 0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI category | ∗ < 0.001 | ||
| Underweight | 6 (5.7%) | 1 (1.9%) | |
| Normal weight | 37 (35.2%) | 12 (22.6%) | |
| Overweight | 35 (33.3%) | 8 (15.1%) | |
| Obese | 27 (25.7%) | 32 (60.4%) | |
| Education (years) | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 0.888 |
| Annual household income ($)a | 31,676.5 ± 26,213.6 | 36,770.5 ± 36,069.5 | 0.351 |
| Marital status | 0.189 | ||
| Married/living as married | 21 (20.0%) | 16 (30.2%) | |
| Separated/divorced | 3 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Never married | 81 (77.1%) | 37 (69.8%) | |
| Nulliparous | 47 (44.8%) | 29 (54.7%) | 0.237 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 9 (8.6%) | 4 (7.5%) | 0.545 |
| Previous C-section | 3 (2.9%) | 15 (28.3%) | ∗ < 0.001 |
| Labor induced/augmented | 78 (76.5%) | 28 (52.8%) | ∗0.003 |
| Previous GDM | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.560 |
| Continuous mean 1-hour GCT value (mg/dL) | 102.4 ± 21.5 | 107.8 ± 20.7 | 0.130 |
| Gestational age at GCT (weeks) | 25.9 ± 5.0 | 25.6 ± 6.9 | 0.802 |
| Preeclampsia | 5 (4.8%) | 6 (11.3%) | 0.126 |
| Unplanned C-section | N/A | 37 (69.8%) | N/A |
| Breech presentation | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.8%) | N/C |
| Birth weight (g)d | 3195.7 ± 509.5 | 3109.5 ± 703.2 | 0.387 |
| Birth weight Z-scoree | −0.49 ± 0.90 | −0.50 ± 0.90 | 0.925 |
| Low birth weightd | 7 (6.9%) | 7 (13.5%) | 0.151 |
| Infant male genderb | 46 (43.8%) | 29 (54.7%) | 0.210 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks)e | 39.1 ± 1.8 | 38.7 ± 3.2 | 0.254 |
| Preterm birthc | 6 (5.7%) | 6 (11.3%) | 0.177 |
a88 (vaginal delivery) and 46 (C-section) with complete information.
b102 (vaginal delivery) and 52 (C-section) with complete information.
c104 (vaginal delivery) with complete information.
d101 (vaginal delivery) and 52 (C-section) with complete information.
e101 (vaginal delivery) and 51 (C-section) with complete information.
∗Statistically significant result (P < 0.05).
N/C: not calculable due to empty cells.