Table 3.
Association between overweight and obese BMI (vs normal BMI) and use of medications
| Outcome |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taking ≥1 regular prescriptions | Number of regular prescriptions | ≥1 High-risk medication† | ≥1 Low-risk medication‡ | |
| BMI group | Crude ME (95% CI) | Crude ME (95% CI) | Crude ME (95% CI) | Crude ME (95% CI) |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Overweight | 0.006 (0.001 to 0.011)** | 0.033 (0.012 to 0.053)** | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.004)** | 0.001 (0.001 to 0.003) |
| Obese | 0.023 (0.011 to 0.035)** | 0.100 (0.057 to 0.143)** | 0.010 (0.005 to 0.016)** | −0.001 (−0.003 to 0.003) |
| Adjusted ME§ (95% CI) | Adjusted ME§ (95% CI) | Adjusted ME§ (95% CI) | Adjusted ME§ (95% CI) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Overweight | 0.002 (−0.002 to 0.007) | 0.021 (0.001 to 0.041)** | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003) | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003) |
| Obese | 0.016 (0.005 to 0.027)** | 0.075 (0.035 to 0.115)** | 0.008 (0.003 to 0.013)** | −0.001 (0.003 to 0.02) |
| Age at first sweep | ||||
| 4 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref | Ref |
| 5 | 0.002 (−0.004 to 0.008) | 0.008 (−0.017 to 0.033) | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003) | −0.001 (−0.002 to 0.001) |
| 6 | −0.02 (−0.047 to 0.011) | −0.101 (−0.258 to 0.057) | −0.004 (−0.017 to 0.007) | 0.001 (−0.020 to 0.020) |
| Sweep | ||||
| MCS3 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref | Ref |
| MCS4 | 0.011 (0.008 to 0.014)** | 0.054 (0.042 to 0.067)** | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.003)** | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.002) |
| MCS5 | 0.022 (0.014 to 0.031)** | 0.089 (0.076 to 0.104)** | 0.011 (0.007 to 0.015)** | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.003)** |
| Maternal BMI | ||||
| Pregnant | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Underweight | 0.009 (−0.008 to 0.026) | 0.054 (−0.026 to 0.133) | 0.004 (−0.003 to 0.011) | −0.001 (−0.004 to 0.003) |
| Normal weight | −0.002 (−0.012 to 0.008) | −0.016 (−0.065 to 0.033) | −0.001 (−0.006 to 0.003) | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.004) |
| Overweight | 0.002 (−0.009 to 0.013) | 0.016 (−0.036 to 0.067) | 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.005) | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.005) |
| Obese | 0.013 (−0.001 to 0.026)* | 0.047 (−0.011 to 0.105) | 0.005 (−0.001 to 0.010)* | 0.001 (−0.002 to 0.004)* |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | −0.012 (−0.017 to −0.008)** | −0.060 (−0.081 to −0.040)** | −0.007 (−0.009 to −0.005)** | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.002) |
| Education | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| GCSE/A level | −0.005 (−0.013 to 0.003) | −0.012 (−0.045 to 0.021) | −0.004 (−0.007 to −0.001)** | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.004)** |
| Diploma higher education | −0.003 (−0.013 to 0.009) | −0.009 (−0.054 to 0.036) | −0.002 (−0.006 to 0.002) | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.005) |
| Degree or higher | −0.012 (−0.019 to −0.003)** | −0.030 (−0.068 to 0.008)** | −0.004 (−0.008 to −0.001)** | 0.001 (−0.002 to 0.002) |
| Foreign qualification | −0.004 (−0.021 to 0.019) | −0.029 (−0.100 to 0.041) | −0.006 (−0.011 to −0.001)** | 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.004) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Mixed | 0.017 (−0.003 to 0.036) | 0.056 (−0.026 to 0.140) | 0.002 (−0.005 to 0.008) | 0.002 (−0.003 to 0.007) |
| Black African/Caribbean | 0.001 (−0.015 to 0.016) | 0.009 (−0.066 to 0.084) | −0.001 (−0.006 to 0.006) | −0.001 (−0.005 to 0.004) |
| Asian | 0.007 (−0.004 to 0.016) | 0.002 (−0.038 to 0.043) | −0.001 (−0.004 to 0.002) | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.006) |
| Other | 0.001 (−0.019 to 0.019) | −0.041 (−0.115 to 0.033) | −0.002 (−0.009 to 0.005) | −0.002 (−0.007 to 0.003) |
| OECD equivalised income | −0.001 (−0.001 to 0.001) | −0.001 (−0.001 to 0.001) | −0.001 (−0.001 to 0.001)* | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.001) |
**p<0.05; *0.1>p>0.05.
†High-risk medications: medications for respiratory, central nervous system and endocrine conditions.
‡Low-risk medications: medications for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, infections, obstetric, malignant, nutrition and blood, musculoskeletal, ear, eye and skin conditions.
§Adjusted: age, gender, ethnicity, main respondent education, OECD equivalised income, natural mother's BMI.
BMI, body mass index; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; MCS, Millennium Cohort Study; ME, marginal effect; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.