Table 1.
Characteristics of 131 935 individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes by ethnicity/race
| All | Sweden | Nordic countries | Europe (high income), North America and Oceania | Mediterranean Basin | Europe (low income), Russia and Central Asia | Middle East and North Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | South Asia | East Asia | Latin America and Caribbean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 131 935 | 109 058 (82.66) | 6760 (5.12) | 3306 (2.51) | 511 (0.39) | 3870 (2.93) | 5031 (3.81) | 1127 (0.85) | 610 (0.46) | 802 (0.61) | 860 (0.65) |
| Males | 57 (75 083) | 57 (62 526) | 51 (3479) | 53 (1751) | 70 (360) | 54 (2075) | 62 (3142) | 59 (663)* | 56 (344)* | 37 (298) | 52 (445) |
| Age (years) | 62.8 (12.5) | 63.7 (12.2) | 63.8 (10.5)* | 64.4 (11.8) | 62.5 (10.6)* | 57.6 (11.7) | 52.3 (11.2) | 47.3 (11.2) | 46.0 (11.3) | 50.0 (12.8) | 54.5 (12.0) |
| Annual visits | 1.73 (2.14) | 1.67 (2.0) | 1.80 (2.22) | 1.96 (2.70) | 2.20 (3.24) | 2.05 (2.70) | 2.30 (3.34) | 2.22 (3.42) | 2.32 (3.40) | 1.91 (2.70) | 2.50 (3.20) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 (5.5) | 30.3 (5.5) | 31.2 (5.6) | 30.5 (5.3) | 30.1 (4.8)* | 31.3 (5.3) | 30.9 (5.2) | 28.8 (5.4) | 28.6 (5.2) | 27.3 (4.3) | 31.4 (5.5) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104.7 (13.4) | 105.2 (13.5) | 106.3 (13.5) | 104.2 (12.9) | 104.4 (11.8) | 105.0 (11.9) | 103.6 (11.5) | 100.2 (11.4) | 97.8 (11.8) | 92.4 (11.2) | 104.3 (11.7) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52.2 (15.4) | 51.9 (15.1) | 52.3 (15.2)* | 52.2 (14.7)* | 52.8 (15.2)* | 54.3 (16.8) | 54.9 (17.2) | 58.0 (19.8) | 55.8 (16.7) | 55.9 (17.1) | 56.7 (19.8) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 137.5 (17.2) | 138.1 (17.1) | 139.5 (17.4) | 138.2 (17.4)* | 134.1 (16.2) | 135.2 (18.2) | 129.3 (16.4) | 126.9 (16.4) | 124.8 (14.4) | 126.7 (15.9) | 130.8 (15.4) |
| Chol/HDL ratio | 4.5 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.6)* | 4.6 (1.4)* | 4.9 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.3)* | 4.7 (1.5) |
| LDL/HDL ratio | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1)* | 2.8 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0)* | 2.7 (1.1) |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 83.4 (25.2) | 81.8 (24.0) | 83.0 (22.3) | 81.2 (21.8)* | 87.2 (25.0) | 90.4 (37.4) | 99.9 (24.9) | 124.9 (39.1) | 100.0 (23.9) | 100.9 (28.0) | 96.2 (26.6) |
| Smoker | 15 (19 657) | 14 (15 173) | 20 (1341) | 17 (556)* | 19 (99) | 23 (888) | 22 (1098) | 13 (149)* | 13 (77)* | 15 (122)* | 18 (154) |
| No physical activity | 12 (15 973) | 12 (12 935) | 13 (907)* | 12 (390)* | 15 (76)* | 13 (497)* | 16 (803) | 11 (128)* | 13 (82)* | 8 (66) | 10 (89)* |
| Daily physical activity | 26 (33 983) | 26 (28 207) | 24 (1651)* | 25 (842)* | 27 (139)* | 31 (1186)* | 22 (1116) | 23 (260)* | 23 (142)* | 29 (233)* | 24 (207)* |
| Income and education | |||||||||||
| Income Q1 (lowest) | 20 (24 925) | 16 (16 872) | 23 (1439) | 27 (852) | 23 (113) | 41 (1538) | 55 (2745) | 47 (526) | 35 (212) | 42 (333) | 35 (295) |
| Income Q5 (highest) | 20 (24 928) | 22 (22 068) | 15 (928) | 14 (452) | 14 (69) | 11 (398) | 10 (485) | 15 (165) | 17 (101) | 14 (113) | 18 (149) |
| <9 years education | 39 (51 890) | 40 (43 495) | 44 (3005) | 25 (814) | 41 (211) | 35 (1366)* | 37 (1883) | 33 (376) | 24 (148) | 42 (335)* | 30 (257) |
| 10–12 years education | 43 (56 146) | 43 (47 370) | 40 (2734)* | 48 (1593) | 42 (216) | 39 (1516)* | 29 (1444) | 35 (399) | 44 (267)* | 30 (243) | 42 (364)* |
| University/college education | 17 (22 140) | 16 (17 811) | 12 (790) | 24 (793) | 13 (68) | 15 (576)* | 25 (1275) | 22 (243) | 29 (176) | 24 (193) | 25 (215) |
| Glucose-lowering treatment | |||||||||||
| Diet | 53 (70 445) | 54 (59 371) | 53 (3602) | 53 (1763)* | 49 (251)* | 48 (1854)* | 44 (2225) | 38 (429) | 42 (255) | 40 (320) | 44 (375) |
| OHA | 37 (49 261) | 36 (39 662) | 38 (2599)* | 38 (1240)* | 43 (219) | 43 (1653) | 47 (2352) | 48 (537) | 47 (288) | 45 (364) | 40 (347) * |
| Insulin | 5 (6199) | 5 (5249) | 4 (251)* | 4 (148)* | 4 (21)* | 4 (143)* | 3 (164) | 7 (84) | 5 (30)* | 7 (59) | 6 (50)* |
| Insulin+OHA | 4 (5457) | 4 (4318) | 4 (284) | 4 (136)* | 4 (18)* | 5 (202)* | 5 (260) | 6 (69) | 6 (35)* | 7 (55) | 9 (80) |
| Complications | |||||||||||
| Albuminuria | 14 (17 988) | 14 (14 845) | 14 (920)* | 14 (453)* | 17 (88)* | 13 (502)* | 14 (701)* | 14 (157)* | 12 (75)* | 13 (106)* | 16 (141) |
| Previous CVD | 20 (26 166) | 21 (22 373) | 23 (1555) | 23 (759) | 19 (98)* | 16 (610)* | 11 (547) | 4 (46) | 8 (47) | 6 (48) | 10 (83) |
Sweden is the reference group for ethnicity.
*No statistically significant difference at the 0.01 level.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agents; eGFR, estimated-glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.