Table 2.

Prediction of HbA1c (mmol/mol) by type of glucose-lowering treatment

	Diet and lifestyle	OHA	Insulin (±OHA)
Ethnicity/race
Sweden	Reference	Reference	Reference
East Asia	3.79 (2.59 to 5)	1.84 (0.7 to 2.97)	2.13 (−0.36 to 4.62)
Europe (high-income), North America and Oceania	0.14 (−0.37 to 0.65)	0.19 (−0.41 to 0.79)	1.86 (0.42 to 3.3)
Europe (low-income), Russia and Central Asia	1.58 (1.05 to 2.11)	1.2 (0.66 to 1.74)	1.89 (0.63 to 3.16)
Latin America and The Caribbean	1.89 (0.76 to 3.02)	2.42 (1.3 to 3.54)	4.84 (2.6 to 7.07)
Mediterranean Basin	0.57 (−0.74 to 1.88)	0.61 (−0.84 to 2.05)	1.17 (−2.7 to 5.04)
Middle East and North Africa	1.85 (1.37 to 2.34)	0.93 (0.46 to 1.41)	2.79 (1.58 to 4.01)
Nordic countries	−0.01 (−0.36 to 0.35)	0.19 (−0.22 to 0.6)	0.81 (−0.19 to 1.8)
South Asia	4.21 (2.85 to 5.56)	1.93 (0.6 to 3.25)	1.91 (−1.12 to 4.94)
Sub-Saharan Africa	3.26 (2.22 to 4.3)	3.61 (2.57 to 4.64)	1.58 (−0.47 to 3.63)
Physical activity
Daily physical activity	Reference	Reference	Reference
3–5 times/week	0.07 (0.01 to 0.14)	0.11 (0.01 to 0.22)	0.19 (−0.06 to 0.45)
1–2 times/week	0.26 (0.19 to 0.34)	0.51 (0.4 to 0.62)	0.74 (0.46 to 1.01)
Less than once/week	0.48 (0.39 to 0.57)	1.03 (0.9 to 1.17)	1.38 (1.06 to 1.7)
No physical activity	0.76 (0.66 to 0.86)	1.20 (1.06 to 1.35)	1.32 (1.00 to 1.65)

Figures are β coefficients (95% CI) that predict the change in HbA1c (mmol/mol).

The effect of physical activity is presented for comparison.

Example of interpretation: after accounting for included covariates, East Asian ethnicity predicts 3.79 mmol/mol higher HbA1c among persons on diet and lifestyle modifications.

Model adjustments: age, sex, age at onset of diabetes, duration of diabetes, quadratic effect of duration of diabetes, BMI, smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease, physical activity, income, education, lipid lowering medication and eGFR.

BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated-glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agents.