Table 3.

Echocardiographic Functional Characteristics According to Alcohol Consumption and Sex

						Model 1- alcohol consumption Visit 5		Model 2- alcohol consumption Visit 5		Model 2- cumulative average alcohol consumption
N drinks/week		Non-drinker	0 to 7	7 to 14	≥14	Coef. (SE)	P Value	Coef. (SE)	P Value	Coef. (SE)	P Value
Total Participants (n, %)		2402 (53.7)	1467 (32.8)	402 (9.0)	195 (4.4)
Men (M)		665 (37.3)	707 (39.7)	261 (14.7)	148 (8.3)
Women (W)		1737 (64.7)	760 (28.3)	141 (5.3)	47 (1.8)
LV ejection fraction (%)	M	63.6 ± 7.1	63.6 ± 7.5	63.1 ± 6.3	64.3 ± 6.5	.17 (.55)	0.752	.11 (.59)	0.845	−.13 (.60)	0.818
	W	66.5 ± 5.9	66.2 ± 5.7	65.6 ± 6.9	65.5 ± 6.5	−1.2 (.54)	0.020	−1.9 (.62)	0.002	−2.1 (.66)	0.001
Global long. LV strain (%)	M	−17.3 ± 2.9	−17.5 ± 2.6	−17.4 ± 2.5	−17.4 ± 2.7	−.005(.21)	0.808	.001 (.23)	0.983	.05 (.23)	0.823
	W	−18.3 ± 2.5	−18.6 ± 2.4	−18.1 ± 2.5	−18.1 ± 2.4	.45 (.22)	0.044	.45 (.25)	0.075	.42 (.27)	0.121
SD Time to peak longitudinal LV strain (msec)	M	66.9± 43.6	66.9 ± 39.0	61.1 ± 32.4	63.1 ± 48.4	−4.2 (3.3)	0.206	−2.4 (3.7)	0.521	−5.4 (3.7)	0.145
	W	59.9 ± 33.2	57.6 ± 28.5	52.2 ± 26.8	58.7 ± 25.3	−6.0 (2.9)	0.042	−6.4 (3.3)	0.055	−6.2 (3.5)	0.078
E/A ratio	M	0.9 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.4	.04 (.02)	0.100	.01 (.02)	0.593	−.001 (.02)	0.895
	W	0.8 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	.11 (.02)	<0.001	.08 (.02)	0.005	.06 (.03)	0.030
E/E’ ratio	M	9.4 ± 3.8	9.5 ± 3.8	9.7 ± 4.6	10.1 ± 3.7	1.1 (.30)	<0.001	.82 (.33)	0.014	.59 (.33)	0.077
	W	10.8 ± 4.1	10.6 ± 4.0	10.3 ± 3.8	11.14 ± 4.0	−.02 (.35)	0.948	−.19 (.41)	0.643	−.24 (.43)	0.577
LV diastolic function classification (n, %)	M					−.01 (.02)	0.508	−.03 (.09)	0.704	−.02 (.09)	0.816
Unclassified		82 (13.3)	97 (14.8%)	33 (13.7)	20 (14.8)	.03 (.02)	0.212	.02 (.03)	0.460	.02 (.03)	0.389
Normal		202 (32.7)	236 (35.9%)	100 (41.5)	53 (39.3)	.04 (.03)	0.212	.04 (.04)	0.251	.01 (.04)	0.828
Mild		194 (31.4)	181 (27.5%)	51 (21.2)	23 (17.0)	−.14 (.03)	<0.001	−.13 (.04)	0.001	−.07 (.04)	0.054
Moderate-severe		140 (22.7)	143 (21.8%)	57 (23.7)	39 (28.9)	.65 (.35)	0.063	.06 (.03)	0.114	.04 (.03)	0.270
LV diastolic function classification (n, %)	W					−.01 (.10)	0.865	−.10 (.12)	0.401	−.11 (.12)	0.387
Unclassified		387 (23.0)	145 (19.8%)	32 (23.9)	12 (26.1)	.02 (.03)	0.790	.02 (.04)	0.528	.01 (04)	0.664
Normal		371 (22.0)	213 (29.0%)	40 (29.9)	12 (26.1)	.04 (.03)	0.274	.06 (.04)	0.172	.08 (.04)	0.061
Mild		405 (24.0)	139 (18.9%)	22 (16.4)	5 (10.9)	−.09 (.03)	0.011	−.10 (.04)	0.019	−.12 (.04)	0.007
Moderate-severe		521 (30.9)	237 (32.3%)	40 (29.9)	17 (37.0)	.04 (.04)	0.303	.01 (.04)	0.792	.01 (.05)	0.760
RV fractional area change	M	0.50 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.08	0.51 ± 0.07	0.51 ± 0.08	.01 (.001)	0.083	.001 (.001)	0.382	−.001 (.001)	0.935
	W	0.54 ± 0.08	0.53 ± 0.08	0.53 ± 0.08	0.53 ± 0.07	−.01 (.01)	0.049	−.00(.00)	0.275	−.01 (.001)	0.240
Tricuspid annulus peak systolic velocity (cm/s)	M	11.3 ± 2.8	11.5 ± 3.1	11.8 ± 3.1	12.3 ± 3.1	.86 (.23)	<0.001	.86 (.23)	0.001	.84 (.26)	0.012
	W	11.7 ± 2.9	11.8 ± 2.7	11.5 ± 2.8	11.7 ± 2.9	−.12 (.25)	0.618	−.12 (.25)	0.719	−.10 (.28)	0.969

Model 1: adjusted for age, body mass index, diabetes, previously diagnosed myocardial infarction, anti-hypertensive treatment and systolic blood pressure. Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 + education and income level and cigarette smoking in all visits.Coef. (SE), estimated difference per consumption category (standard error)