Table 2.
Associations between household factors and the incidence of malaria
| Category | Group (number of houses) | Incidence of malaria PPYR* | Univariate† | Multivariate‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR§ (95% CI) | P value | IRR§ (95% CI) | P value | |||
| House construction∥ | Traditional home (N = 452) | 5.26 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Modern home (N = 63) | 1.66 | 0.30 (0.23–0.40) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.39–0.78) | 0.001 | |
| Location of residence | Lives in rural area (N = 475) | 5.11 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Lives in town (N = 40) | 1.22 | 0.29 (0.20–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.22–0.61) | < 0.001 | |
| Number of rooms in the house | One room (N = 260) | 5.46 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| More than one room (N = 255) | 4.13 | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) | 0.001 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 0.58 | |
| Whether participant's room opens to outside | No entryway open to outside (N = 281) | 5.27 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| At least one entryway open to outside (N = 234) | 4.21 | 0.79 (0.66–0.93) | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.97 | |
| Whether participant's room has windows | No windows (N = 283) | 5.76 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| One or more windows (N = 232) | 3.67 | 0.60 (0.51–0.71) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.61–0.84) | <0.001 | |
| Whether participant's room has eaves | No eaves (N = 191) | 3.82 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Eaves present (N = 324) | 5.36 | 1.36 (1.15–1.62) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | 0.01 | |
| Number of airbricks in participant's room | 0–3 airbricks (N = 410) | 5.31 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Four or more airbricks (N = 105) | 2.88 | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.04 | |
| Location of participant's sleeping space | Sleeps on ground or bed on the ground (N = 212) | 5.40 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Sleeps on bed raised off the ground (N = 303) | 4.39 | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.41 | |
| Household wealth index | Lowest tertile (N = 166) | 5.40 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| Middle tertile (N = 173) | 5.23 | 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | 0.30 | 0.91 (0.76–1.1) | 0.33 | |
| Highest tertile (N = 176) | 3.80 | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.11 | |
| Primary caregiver's age | 16–21 years (N = 79) | 7.42 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| 22–35 years (N = 302) | 4.75 | 0.71 (0.56–0.89) | 0.004 | 0.75 (0.63–0.91) | 0.003 | |
| 36–68 years (N = 134) | 3.46 | 0.57 (0.44–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.52–0.88) | 0.003 | |
| Primary caregiver's level of education | None or primary school (N = 439) | 5.05 | Reference | − | Reference | − |
| More than primary school (N = 76) | 3.29 | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.04 | |
CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence rate ratio; PPYR = per person-years at risk.
*
Episodes of malaria PPYR.
†
Only adjusted for chemoprevention arm.
‡
Adjusted for chemoprevention arm, clustering of episodes of malaria for participants living in the same geographical area, and all variables listed.
§
Incidence rate ratio.
∥
Modern homes defined as structure where non-traditional materials are used for floor, walls, and roof. Traditional homes defined as structure where any traditional materials are used.