Figure 1. Actin filament abundance increases in response to MAMPs.

(a) Representative VAEM images of hypocotyl epidermal cells expressing GFP-fABD2 from WT seedlings grown in continuous darkness for 5 days. Seedlings were treated for 5 min with mock, 1 μM elf26 or 1 μM chitin before imaging. Scale bar, 10 μm. (b) Average filament density, or percentage of occupancy, analysis was performed on images collected from epidermal cells in the basal third of hypocotyls. When compared with mock-treated cells, the actin filament density was significantly increased after 1 μM elf26 and 1 μM chitin treatments. (c) The extent of filament bundling, or skewness, was measured on the images used for b. No significant differences were observed among treatments. Values given are mean±s.e.m. (n⩾200 cells from 10 hypocotyls per treatment; ***P<0.001; ND, no significant difference; Student's t-test).