Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Items | T2DM patients (n = 38) | Healthy controls (n = 32) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.6 ± 8.2 | 55.6 ± 7.1 | 0.108 |
| Gender, female (%) | 17(45) | 15(47) | 0.858 |
| Education levels, years | 9.7 ± 3.4 | 10.4 ± 2.0 | 0.338 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 9.9 ± 5.7 | – | – |
| History of smoking (%) | 9(24) | 8(25) | 0.898 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 2.7 | 24.3 ± 2.4 | 0.267 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 131.6 ± 15.5 | 129.8 ± 14.3 | 0.601 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.3 ± 8.6 | 80.8 ± 7.3 | 0.441 |
| HbA1c , % (mmol/mol) | 7.7 ± 1.7(61.0 ± 18.6) | 5.1 ± 0.5(32.0 ± 5.5) | <0.001* |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 8.0 ± 2.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001* |
| Postprandial glucose, mmol/L | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | <0.001* |
| Triglyceride, mmol/l | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.858 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 0. 604 |
| LDL-C, mmol/l | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 0.862 |
| HDL-C, mmol/l | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.699 |
| White matter hyperintensity | 0(0–6) | 0(0–5) | 0.182 |
| Lacunar infarcts (%) | 6(15) | 4(12.5) | 0.695 |
| Intima-media thickness, mm | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.162 |
| Blood pressure lowering medications (%) | 16(42) | 11(34) | 0.508 |
| Cholesterol lowering medications (%) | 10(26) | 4(13) | 0.150 |
Values are mean±standard deviation, n(%), or median (range) . *P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Abbreviations: LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.