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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2014 Oct 27;110(2):269–278. doi: 10.1111/add.12747

Table 2A.

Standardized Estimates for the Effect of Early Alcohol Use on Adult Outcomes

Adult Outcomes Unweighted
Sample		 Propensity score-
based weighted
sample		 Cotwin control: All
discordant
pairs		 Cotwin control:
Discordant MZ
pairs		 Cotwin control:
Discordant DZ
pairs
βexpos (SE) P-value βexpos (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value
Alcohol use quantity
and frequency index		 0.63 (0.06) <0.001 0.57 (0.06) <0.001 0.21 (0.09) 0.031 0.22 (0.10) 0.042 0.20 (0.14) 0.142
Alcohol abuse or
dependence symptoms		 0.46 (0.06) <0.001 0.36 (0.07) <0.001 0.24 (0.11) 0.035 0.17 (0.14) 0.185 0.34 (0.16) 0.044
Tobacco use quantity
and frequency index		 0.63 (0.06) <0.001 0.49 (0.07) <0.001 0.21 (0.09) 0.036 0.09 (0.12) 0.291 0.39 (0.16) 0.018
Number of times used marijuana 0.54 (0.06) <0.001 0.43 (0.07) <0.001 0.28 (0.10) 0.006 0.22 (0.11) 0.055 0.38 (0.18) 0.042
Number of drug classes
ever used		 0.73 (0.06) <0.001 0.60 (0.07) <0.001 0.44 (0.10) <0.001 0.41 (0.12) 0.004 0.50 (0.17) 0.006
Drug abuse or
dependence symptoms		 0.51 (0.06) <0.001 0.40 (0.07) <0.001 0.27 (0.11) 0.018 0.18 (0.14) 0.168 0.42 (0.17) 0.016
Adult antisocial
behavior symptoms		 0.52 (0.07) <0.001 0.38 (0.08) <0.001 0.19 (0.09) 0.046 0.08 (0.11) 0.312 0.37 (0.17) 0.034
Dependent stressful life
events		 0.35 (0.07) <0.001 0.26 (0.08) 0.002 0.26 (0.10) 0.010 0.26 (0.11) 0.030 0.26 (0.19) 0.145
Family relationships −0.10 (0.07) 0.134 −0.05 (0.08) 0.320 −0.08 (0.11) 0.311 −0.07 (0.14) 0.357 −0.09 (0.22) 0.357
Interpersonal problems 0.15 (0.06) 0.029 0.08 (0.08) 0.242 0.03 (0.11) 0.386 0.10 (0.14) 0.307 −0.09 (0.21) 0.355
Social engagement 0.05 (0.06) 0.285 0.12 (0.07) 0.089 −0.06 (0.10) 0.332 −0.03 (0.13) 0.388 −0.12 (0.21) 0.335
Adult independence 0.16 (0.07) 0.033 0.15 (0.08) 0.063 0.00 (0.12) 0.396 −0.02 (0.15) 0.392 0.03 (0.17) 0.394

βexpos is the coefficient for the effect of an FU1 alcohol exposure on an FU4 outcome.

βw is the within-pair, individual-level coefficient for the effect of an FU1 alcohol exposure on an FU4 outcome in cotwin control analyses