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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2014 Oct 27;110(2):269–278. doi: 10.1111/add.12747

Table 2B.

Standardized Estimates for the Effect of Early Intoxication on Adult Outcomes

Adult Outcomes Unweighted
Sample		 Propensity score-
based weighted
sample		 Cotwin control: All
discordant
pairs		 Cotwin control:
Discordant MZ
pairs		 Cotwin control:
Discordant DZ
pairs
βexpos (SE) P-value βexpos (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value βw (SE) P-value
Alcohol use quantity and
frequency index		 0.62 (0.08) <0.001 0.57 (0.08) <0.001 0.37 (0.13) 0.009 0.26 (0.17) 0.127 0.54 (0.23) 0.024
Alcohol abuse or
dependence symptoms		 0.53 (0.10) <0.001 0.31 (0.11) 0.010 0.29 (0.15) 0.061 0.15 (0.19) 0.286 0.51 (0.25) 0.046
Tobacco use quantity
and frequency index		 0.68 (0.07) <0.001 0.50 (0.11) <0.001 0.25 (0.12) 0.042 0.16 (0.15) 0.234 0.38 (0.17) 0.031
Number of times used
marijuana		 0.60 (0.10) <0.001 0.31 (0.11) 0.006 0.43 (0.17) 0.022 0.27 (0.19) 0.139 0.66 (0.28) 0.025
Number of drug classes
ever used		 0.84 (0.09) <0.001 0.62 (0.10) <0.001 0.50 (0.16) 0.008 0.38 (0.15) 0.020 0.68 (0.28) 0.027
Drug abuse or
dependence symptoms		 0.68 (0.11) <0.001 0.38 (0.14) 0.010 0.47 (0.16) 0.007 0.26 (0.21) 0.174 0.78 (0.24) 0.003
Adult antisocial behavior
symptoms		 0.60 (0.08) <0.001 0.43 (0.11) <0.001 0.18 (0.16) 0.197 0.08 (0.16) 0.354 0.35 (0.26) 0.163
Dependent stressful life
events		 0.47 (0.10) <0.001 0.40 (0.13) 0.006 0.38 (0.15) 0.016 0.43 (0.18) 0.026 0.30 (0.21) 0.146
Family relationships −0.08 (0.11) 0.304 0.05 (0.15) 0.376 0.07 (0.20) 0.366 0.09 (0.24) 0.363 0.03 (0.29) 0.391
Interpersonal problems 0.19 (0.10) 0.064 0.07 (0.13) 0.335 −0.07 (0.19) 0.370 −0.08 (0.25) 0.372 −0.05 (0.29) 0.390
Social engagement −0.09 (0.09) 0.230 0.11 (0.12) 0.271 −0.06 (0.14) 0.368 0.07 (0.17) 0.362 −0.26 (0.25) 0.225
Adult independence 0.18 (0.09) 0.041 0.18 (0.11) 0.105 0.01 (0.15) 0.396 0.02 (0.19) 0.391 −0.02 (0.25) 0.397

βexpos is the coefficient for the effect of an FU1 alcohol exposure on an FU4 outcome.

βw is the within-pair, individual-level coefficient for the effect of an FU1 alcohol exposure on an FU4 outcome in cotwin control analyses