Table 1.
List of fishes that have multiple sex chromosome systems
| Order | Family | Genus | Species | 2n (F/M) | Commentsa | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y | ||||||
| Anguilliformes | Ophichthidae | Muraenichthys | gymnotus | 48/47 | Y-A fusion | (Murofushi and Yosida 1984) |
| Beryciformes | Berycidae | Beryx | splendens | 48/47 | Y-A fusion | (Ojima and Kikuno 1986) |
| Characiformes | Erythrinidae | Erythrinus | erythrinus B b | 54/53 | Y-A fusion; E. erythrinus A population has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 54) | (Bertollo et al. 2004) |
| Characiformes | Erythrinidae | Erythrinus | erythrinus C b | 52/51 | Y-A fusion; E. erythrinus A population has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 54) | (Bertollo et al. 2004) |
| Characiformes | Erythrinidae | Erythrinus | erythrinus D b | 52/51 | Y-A fusion; E. erythrinus A population has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 54) | (Bertollo et al. 2004) |
| Characiformes | Erythrinidae | Hoplias | malabaricus | 40/39 | Y-A fusion; other H. malabaricus karyomorphs are XX/XY (2n = 42) or XX/XY1Y2 (2n = 41/40) | (Bertollo et al. 2000; Rosa et al. 2009) |
| Clupeiformes | Clupeidae | Brevoortia | aurea | 46/45 | Y-A fusion, B. pectinata has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 46) | (Brum and Galetti 1992) |
| Cypriniformes | Cobitidae | Cobitis | taenia striata | 50/49 | Y-A fusion | (Saitoh 1989) |
| Cyprinodontiformes | Cyprinodontidae | Garmanella | pulchra | 50/49 | Y-A fusion | (Levin and Foster 1972) |
| Cyprinodontiformes | Cyprinodontidae | Megupsilon | aporus | 48/47 | first Y-A fusion identified in fishes | (Uyeno and Miller 1971) |
| Cyprinodontiformes | Goodeidae | Allodontichthys | hubbsi | 42/41 | Y-A fusion; no obvious sex chromosomes in family (2n = 48) | (Uyeno et al. 1983) |
| Cyprinodontiformes | Nothobranchiidae | Nothobranchius | guentheri | 36/35 | Y-A fusion | (Ewulonu et al. 1985) |
| Gasterosteiformes | Gasterosteidae | Gasterosteus | aculeatus (JS) | 42/41 | Y-A fusion; sympatric G. aculeatus population is XX/XY (2n = 42) | (Kitano et al. 2009) |
| Gasterosteiformes | Gasterosteidae | Gasterosteus | wheatlandi | 42/41 | Y-A fusion; closely related, sympatric species G. aculeatus is XX/XY (2n = 42) | (Ross et al. 2009) |
| Gymnotiformes | Gymnotidae | Gymnotus | pantanal | 40/39 | Y-A fusion; two closely related, sympatric species have no obvious sex chromosomes (2n = 40 or 54) | (Margarido et al. 2007) |
| Gymnotiformes | Hypopomidae | Brachyhypopomus | pinnicaudatus | 42/41 | Y-A fusion | (Almeida-Toledo et al. 2000a) |
| Gymnotiformes | Sternopygidae | Eigenmannia | sp.2 | 32/31 | Y-A fusion; closely related, sympatric species E. virescens is XX/XY (2n = 38) | (Almeida-Toledo et al. 2000b; Almeida-Toledo et al. 1984) |
| Perciformes | Blenniidae | Parablennius | tentacularis | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Caputo et al. 2001) |
| Perciformes | Callionymidae | Callionymus | beniteguri | 38/37 | Y-A fusion; closely related species C. punctatus and C. doryssus are XX/XY | (Murofushi et al. 1983) |
| Perciformes | Callionymidae | Callionymus | ornatipinnis | 38/37 | Y-A fusion; closely related species C. punctatus and C. doryssus are XX/XY | (Murofushi et al. 1983) |
| Perciformes | Channichthyidae | Chaenodraco | wilsoni | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Morescalchi et al. 1992) |
| Perciformes | Channichthyidae | Chionodraco | hamatus | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Morescalchi et al. 1992) |
| Perciformes | Channichthyidae | Chionodraco | myersi | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Morescalchi et al. 1992) |
| Perciformes | Channichthyidae | Chionobathyscus | dewitti | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Morescalchi et al. 1992) |
| Perciformes | Channichthyidae | Pagetopsis | macropterus | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species have no obvious sex chromosome | (Morescalchi et al. 1992) |
| Perciformes | Eleotrididae | Awaous | strigatus | ND | Species in same family Dormitator maculatus is XX/XY | (Oliveira and Almeida-Toledo 2006) |
| Perciformes | Gobiidae | Ctenogobius | shufeldti | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; family has XX/XY, ZW/ZZ and XX/XO sex chromosome systems | (Pezold 1984) |
| Perciformes | Lutjanidae | Lutjanus | quinquelineatus | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species L. kasmira has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 48) | (Ueno and Takai 2008) |
| Perciformes | Monodactylidae | Monodactylus | sebae | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; closely related species M. argenteus has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 48) | (Suzuki et al. 1988) |
| Perciformes | Percidae | Zingel | zingel | 48/47 | Y-A fusion; other species in family are XX/XY | (Halacka et al. 2007) |
| Salmoniformes | Salmonidae | Oncorhynchus | nerka | 58/57 | Y-A fusion; closely related species O. mykiss is XX/XY | (Thorgaard 1978; Ueda and Ojima 1984) |
| Scorpaeniformes | Tetrarogidae | Hypodytes | rubripinnis | 48/47 | Y-A fusion | (Ueno and Kang 1992) |
| Siluriformes | Siluridae | Ompok | bimaculatus | 42/41 | Y-A fusion | (Rishi 1976) |
| Tetraodontiformes | Monacanthidae | Stephanolepis | cirrhifer | 34/33 | Y-A fusion | (Murofushi et al. 1980) |
| Tetraodontiformes | Monacanthidae | Stephanolepis | hispidus | 34/33 | Y-A fusion | (Brum 1996) |
| XX/XY1Y2 | ||||||
| Characiformes | Erythrinidae | Hoplias | malabaricus | 40/41 | Other H. malabaricus karyomorphs are XX/XY or XX/X1X2Y | (Bertollo et al. 2000; Bertollo et al. 1983) |
| Siluriformes | Loricariidae | Ancistrus | sp.1 | 38/39 | Family also has XX/XY, ZW/ZZ, and XX/XO sex chromosome systems | (Alves et al. 2006; Oliveira et al. 2008) |
| Siluriformes | Loricariidae | Harttia | carvalhoi | 52/53 | Closely related species do not have obvious sex chromosomes | (Centofante et al. 2006) |
| Z1Z2W1W2/Z1Z1Z2Z2 | ||||||
| Siluriformes | Loricariidae | Ancistrus | sp.2 | 52/52 | Family also has XX/XY, ZW/ZZ, and XX/XO sex chromosome systems | (Alves et al. 2006; Oliveira et al. 2008) |
| ZW1W2/ZZ | ||||||
| Aulopiformes | Synodontidae | Trachinocephalus | myops | 27/26 | Z-A fusion; other species in family are ZW/ZZ (2n = 48) | (Ueno et al. 2001) |
| Characiformes | Parodontidae | Apareiodon | affinis | 55/54 | Fission of W; sympatric population has no obvious sex chromosome (2n = 54) | (Jesus et al. 1999; Moreira-Filho et al. 1980) |
aWhen mechanisms creating the neo sex chromosomes are suggested in the original paper, they are noted
bThese three karyomorphs are presented as different species in this table, but might constitute a single species
ND = no data available