Table 1.
A comparison of subjects with early-versus later-onset PG
| Variables | Total (n=255) | Early-onset PG | Later-onset PG | X2 (F), df | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n =132) | (n =123) | ||||
| PG age at onset, years, mean (SD) | 34.0 (15.3) | 21.5 (4.8) | 47.4 (10.5) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 44.2 (17.1) | 33.7 (14.0) | 56.0 (11.9) | 155.8,1, 222 | <0.001 |
| Female, no. (%) | 143 (44%) | 101 (23%) | 42 (66%) | 38.3, 1 | <0.001 |
| European-Caucasian, no. (%) | 220 (86%) | 110 (83%) | 110 (89%) | 1.1, 1 | 0.293 |
| Ever divorced (%)* | 77 (58%) | 20 (43%) | 57 (66%) | 4.9, 1 | 0.026 |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 14.2 (2.2) | 14.4 (2.3) | 13.9 (2.2) | 1.1, 1, 206 | 0.290 |
| Educational achievement | 3.1, 3 | 0.371 | |||
| Less than high school diploma, no. (%) | 23 (11%) | 14 (12%) | 9 (9%) | ||
| High school diploma, no. (%) | 92 (44%) | 54 (48%) | 38 (40%) | ||
| Associate’s degree/certificate, no. (%) | 41 (20%) | 18 (16%) | 23 (24%) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher, no. (%) | 53 (25%) | 27 (24%) | 26 (27%) | ||
| Gambling preference | 56.8, 2 | <0.001 | |||
| Action games | 90 (41%) | 75 (64%) | 15 (15%) | ||
| Slots | 90 (41%) | 25 (21%) | 65 (65%) | ||
| Other | 38 (17%) | 18 (15%) | 20 (20%) | ||
| Psychiatric hospitalization, no. (%) | 55 (27%) | 28 (25%) | 27 (28%) | 0.3, 1 | 0.610 |
| Treatment of PG, no. (%) | 86 (43%) | 38 (36%) | 48 (51%) | 1.3, 1 | 0.252 |
| # of PG DSM-IV criteria, mean (SD) | 7.0 (2.8) | 7.2 (2.8) | 6.8 (2.9) | 0.4, 1, 251 | 0.543 |
| SOGS score, mean (SD) | 11.9 (4.2) | 11.9 (4.4) | 11.9 (4.1) | 0.8, 1, 206 | 0.386 |
| NODS score, mean (SD) | 13.1 (4.2) | 13.1 (4.2) | 13.1 (4.1) | 0.2, 1, 205 | 0.696 |
| BIS total score, mean (SD) | 68.6 (11.9) | 70.2 (12.9) | 67.0 (10.6) | 4.7, 1, 181 | 0.031 |
| Novelty seeking1, mean (SD) | 21.2 (7.1) | 21.9 (8.0) | 20.7 (6.3) | 1.1, 1, 97 | 0.303 |
| Childhood maltreatment | |||||
| Physical, no. (%) | 50 (26%) | 25 (25%) | 25 (27%) | 0.2, 1 | 0.696 |
| Verbal, no. (%) | 84 (43%) | 45 (44%) | 39 (42%) | 0.4, 1 | 0.529 |
| Sexual, no. (%) | 30 (15%) | 7 (7%) | 23 (25%) | 8.5, 1 | 0.004 |
| Any maltreatment, no. (%) | 103 (53%) | 50 (49%) | 53 (58%) | 0.4, 1 | 0.503 |
| Psychiatric comorbidity | |||||
| Any substance use disorder, no. (%) | 159 (62%) | 99 (75%) | 60 (49%) | 20.9, 1 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder, no. (%) | 140 (55%) | 85 (64%) | 55 (45%) | 11.8, 1 | 0.001 |
| Drug use disorder, no. (%) | 72 (28%) | 52 (39%) | 20 (16%) | 15.9, 1 | <0.001 |
| Any anxiety disorder, no. (%) | 95 (37%) | 55 (42%) | 40 (33%) | 2.1, 1 | 0.149 |
| GAD, no. (%) | 23 (9%) | 12 (9%) | 11 (9%) | 0.0, 1 | 0.852 |
| OCD, no. (%) | 18 (7%) | 13 (10%) | 5 (4%) | 2.2, 1 | 0.136 |
| Panic disorder, no. (%) | 47 (19%) | 28 (21%) | 19 (16%) | 0.3, 1 | 0.571 |
| Specific phobia, no. (%) | 20 (8%) | 12 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 0.0, 1 | 0.839 |
| Social anxiety disorder, no. (%) | 26 (10%) | 19 (14%) | 7 (6%) | 4.6, 1 | 0.032 |
| Any mood disorder, no. (%) | 138 (54%) | 68 (52%) | 70 (57%) | 0.3, 1 | 0.573 |
| Bipolar disorder, no. (%) | 19 (7%) | 10 (8%) | 9 (7%) | 0.0, 1 | 0.880 |
| Major depression disorder, no. (%) | 122 (48%) | 59 (45%) | 63 (52%) | 1.1, 1 | 0.288 |
| Any eating disorder, no. (%) | 21 (8%) | 9 (7%) | 12 (10%) | 0.6, 1 | 0.425 |
| Any impulse control disorder, no. (%) | 61 (24%) | 40 (30%) | 21 (17%) | 3.4, 1 | 0.065 |
| ADHD, no. (%) | 37 (15%) | 31 (23%) | 6 (5%) | 14.5, 1 | <0.001 |
| ASPD, no. (%) | 23 (12%) | 17 (16%) | 6 (6%) | 6.7, 1 | 0.009 |
| Past suicide attempt, no, (%) | 52 (20%) | 24 (18%) | 28 (23%) | 0.2, 1 | 0.637 |
| Family History | |||||
| Any mood disorder1, no. (%) | 129 (85%) | 52 (81%) | 77 (88%) | 1.2, 1 | 0.267 |
| Any substance use disorder1, no. (%) | 129 (85%) | 55 (86%) | 74 (84%) | 0.1, 1 | 0.768 |
| Any anxiety disorder1, no. (%) | 101 (66%) | 38 (59%) | 63 (72%) | 2.7, 1 | 0.099 |
| Any gambling disorder, no. (%) | 141 (56%) | 65 (50%) | 76 (64%) | 0.8, 1 | 0.367 |
| ASPD1, no. (%) | 18 (13%) | 7 (13%) | 11 (14%) | 0.0, 1 | 0.889 |
| Past suicide attempt1, no, (%) | 55 (36%) | 26 (41%) | 29 (33%) | 0.9, 1 | 0.339 |
1
Family study data only
ASPD=antisocial personality disorder; ADHD=attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GAD=generalized anxiety disorder; OCD=obsessive-compulsive disorder