Table 1.

Multigenerational and Transgenerational phenotypes of F0 drug exposure

	Drug	F0 exposure	Generation affected	Sex of offspring affected	Phenotype	Species	Source
Behavior	Alcohol	Paternal	F1	Both	Increased sensitivity to amphetamine	Rat	Abel, 1993
		Paternal	F1	Male	Reduced alcohol intake and increased behavioral response to alcohol	Mouse	Finegersh and Homanics, 2014
		Paternal	F1	Both	Decreased fear and increased aggression	Mouse	Meek et al., 2007
		Paternal	F1	Male	Decreased attention and increased impulsivity	Mouse	Kim et al., 2014
		Paternal	F1	Both	Enhanced passive avoidance learning and deficits in T-maze	Mouse	Abel and Lee, 1988
		Paternal	F1	Female	Deficits in passive avoidance learning	Rat	Abel and Tan, 1988
		Paternal	F1	Both	Deficits in radial arm maze learning	Rat	Wozniak et al., 1991
		Paternal	F1	Male	Hyperactivity attenuated by physostigmine treatment	Rat	Abel, 1994
	Morphine	Maternal	F1	Both	Increased morphine sensitization (locomotor)	Rat	Byrnes, 2005
		Maternal	F1, F2	Male	Decreased locomotor response to D1/D2 agonist	Rat	Byrnes et al., 2013
	Cocaine	Paternal	F1	Male	Resilience to cocaine self-administration	Rat	Vassoler et al., 2013b
		Maternal	F1	Male	Increased sensitivity to cocaine	Rat	Sasaki et al., 2014
		Paternal	F1	Female	Learning deficits	Mouse	He et al., 2006
		Paternal	F1	Both	Increase in depression-like phenotype, no change in anxiety or learning and memory	Mouse	Killinger et al., 2012
	CB1/CB2 agonist (WIN 55, 212-12)	Maternal	F1	Male	Increased morphine CPP	Rat	Byrnes et al., 2012
		Maternal	F1	Female	Increased morphine sensitization (locomotor)	Rat	Vassoler et al., 2013a
	Δ9-THC	Both parents exposed and mated together	F1	Both	Increased heroin self-administration and enhanced heroin withdrawal	Rat	Szutorisz et al., 2014
	Nicotine	Maternal	F1, F2, F3	Both	Hyperactive, decreased attention	Mouse	Zhu et al., 2014
Neurochemical	Alcohol	Paternal	F1	Both	Decreased DAT in cortex and striatum	Mouse	Kim et al., 2014
		Paternal	F1	Male	Decreased beta-endorphin in hypothalamus	Rat	Cicero et al., 1990
		Maternal	F1, F2, F3	Both	Decreased POMC expression in arcuate nucleus	Rat	Govorko et al., 2012
	Morphine	Paternal	F1	Female	Increased beta-endorphin in hypothalamus	Rat	Cicero et al., 1991
		Maternal	F1	Male	Increased kappa-opioid receptor in response to D1/D2 agonist in nucleus accumbens	Rat	Byrnes et al., 2013
		Maternal	F1, F2	Male	Increased D2 receptor in response to D1/D2 agonist in nucleus accumbens	Rat	Byrnes et al., 2013
		Maternal	F1, F2	Male	Decreased quinpirole induced cortiscosterone	Rat	Byrnes et al., 2013
	Cocaine	Maternal	F1	Male	Increased D1 receptor in medial prefrontal cortex	Rat	Sasaki et al., 2014
	Δ9-THC	Maternal	F1	Female	Increased Oprm1 in nucleus accumbens	Rat	Vassoler et al., 2013a
		Both parents exposed and mated together	F1	Both	Decreased expression of cannabinoid, dopamine, and glutamate receptors, reduced NMDA binding and enhanced LTD in the dorsal striatum	Rat	Szutorisz et al., 2014
Structural Physiological	Alcohol	Paternal	F1	Both	Cortical thickening	Rat	Jamerson et al., 2004
		Paternal	F1	Both	No change in pyramidal cells of hippocampus	Rat	Zajac et al., 1989
	Morphine	Paternal	F1	Both	Decreased hippocampal LTP	Rat	Sarkaki et al., 2008
		Maternal	F1	Both	Decreased hippocampal LTD	Rat	Sarkaki et al., 2008
		Paternal	F2	Both	Decreased synaptophysin	Rat	Vyssotski et al., 2011