Fig. 5.

Predictor neurons. (A) Maximum efficiency $I\left({\sigma }_t^{\text{out}};W_{t+\mathrm{\Delta }t}\right)/I\left(W_t;W_{t+\mathrm{\Delta }t}\right)$ as a function of the output firing rate, for 150 four-cell groups. Average over all groups is indicated by the dashed line; solid black line indicates perfect capture of all of the predictive information. (B) Efficiency of a perceptron rule relative to the best possible rule, for the same groups as in A. (C) The information that ${\sigma }^{\text{out}}$ provides about the visual stimulus grows with the predictive information that it captures. Results shown are the means over all possible output rules, for 150 four-cell input groups; error bars indicate SDs across the groups. (D) Average velocity triggered on a spike of the predictor neuron for one four-cell group; light gray lines show the triggered averages for the input spikes; the predictor neuron selects for a long epoch of constant velocity. In A–C, Δt = 1/60 s; in D, Δt = 1/30 s.