Table 1.
Patient demographics, injury patterns, and disposition. For discrete variables, percentages are calculated by dividing by total patients (not by the number of patients with the given variable)
| All patients | No neurosurgical intervention | Neurosurgical intervention | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N or mean | % or SD | N or mean | % or SD | N or mean | % or SD | |
| Total Included Patients | 50,496 | 100 % | 46,022 | 91.2 % | 4,474 | 8.8 % |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male gender (N, %) | 30386 | 60.2 | 27407 | 59.6 | 2979 | 66.6 |
| Age (years) (mean, SD) | 60.6 | 20.5 | 60.2 | 20.7 | 65.2*** | 18.3 |
| Physiology | ||||||
| ED GCS (mean, SD) | 14.8 | 0.4 | 14.8 | 0.4 | 14.7*** | 0.4 |
| ED SBP (mean, SD) | 144.4 | 26.4 | 144.1 | 26.4 | 147.6*** | 26.6 |
| ED Pulse (mean, SD) | 85.3 | 18 | 85.6 | 18 | 81.7*** | 18 |
| ED RR (mean, SD) | 18.1 | 3.7 | 18.2 | 3.8 | 17.9*** | 3.4 |
| Injury Characteristics | ||||||
| ISS at discharge (mean, SD) | 13.7 | 6.5 | 13.1 | 6.1 | 19.7*** | 6.7 |
| Traumatic Brain Injury Patterns | ||||||
| Isolated Contusion (N, %) | 5636 | 11.2 % | 5497 | 11.9 % | 139 | 3.1 % |
| Isolated SAH (N, %) | 13191 | 26.1 % | 12994 | 28.2 % | 197 | 4.4 % |
| Isolated SDH (N, %) | 18784 | 37.2 % | 15807 | 34.3 % | 2977 | 66.5 % |
| Isolated EH (N, %) | 901 | 1.8 % | 742 | 1.6 % | 159 | 3.6 % |
| Multiple Injury Types (N, %) | 11984 | 23.7 % | 10982 | 23.9 % | 1002 | 22.4 % |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Total comorbidities (mean, SD) | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| Presence of Coagulopathy (N, %) | 2340 | 4.6 % | 2061 | 4.5 % | 279 | 6.2 % |
| ACS Trauma Center Level | ||||||
| NA/ Unverified (N, %) | 14713 | 29.1 % | 13214 | 28.7 % | 1499 | 33.5 % |
| Level IV (N, %) | 20 | 0 % | 19 | 0 % | 1 | 0 % |
| Level III (N, %) | 802 | 1.6 % | 730 | 1.6 % | 72 | 1.6 % |
| Level II (N, %) | 13200 | 26.1 % | 12110 | 26.3 % | 1090 | 24.4 % |
| Level I (N, %) | 21761 | 43.1 % | 19949 | 43.3 % | 1812 | 40.5 % |
| ED Disposition | ||||||
| Observation unit (N, %) | 827 | 1.6 % | 818 | 1.8 % | 9 | 0.2 % |
| Floor bed (N, %) | 13329 | 26.4 % | 12756 | 27.7 % | 573 | 12.8 % |
| Telemetry/step-down unit (N, %) | 5292 | 10.5 % | 5122 | 11.1 % | 170 | 3.8 % |
| Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (N, %) | 29043 | 57.5 % | 26580 | 57.8 % | 2463 | 55.1 % |
| Operating Room (N, %) | 2005 | 4 % | 746 | 1.6 % | 1259 | 28.1 % |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| LOS (mean days, SD) | 5.4 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 11.2*** | 11.2 |
| Expired during Admission (N, %) | 1594 | 3.2 % | 1141 | 2.5 % | 453 | 10.1 % |
N Number, SD Standard Deviation, ISS Injury Severity Score, ED Emergency Department, GCS Glasgow Coma Score, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, RR Respiratory Rate, SAH Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, SDH Subdural Hemorrhage, ED Epidural Hemorrhage, LOS Length of Stay
*** P < 0.0001; Student’s t-test for differences of continuous measures between “No Neurosurgical Intervention” and “Neurosurgical Intervention” groups