Table 4.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) Fluxes From Tropical Wetlands Showing the Mean Fluxesa and (Ranges) if Available
| Location | Type | Soil Type | CO2 Efflux (mg m−2 h−1) |
CH4 Efflux (mg m−2 h−1) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | na | 1.1 ± 0.61 | Inubushi et al. [1998] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Secondary forest | Organic | 501 ± 180 (146–843) | 0.18 ± 0.06 (0–1) | Inubushi et al. [2003] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 317–950 | na | Hirano et al. [2009] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Secondary forest | Organic | 513 | 0.19 | Hadi et al. [2001] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Secondary forest | Organic | 395 (183–4055) | 0.50 (0–3.33) | Hadi et al. [2005] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 399 ± 36 (50–550) | 0.16 ± 0.65 (−0.1–0.35) | Jauhiainen et al. [2005] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 563 (79–1580) | na | Sundari et al. (2012) |
| Sumatra, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 380 ± 55 | 0.89 ± 0.48 | Furukawa et al. [2005] |
| Sumatra, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 278 ± 16 | 1.21 ± 1.36 | Furukawa et al. [2005] |
| Sumatra, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 376 ± 107 | 0.77 ± 0.27 | Furukawa et al. [2005] |
| Malaysia | Forested peatland | Organic | 905 (366–1953) | na | Melling et al. [2005a] |
| Malaysia | Forested peatland | Organic | na | 0.0029 (−0.006–0.011) | Melling et al. [2005b] |
| Malaysia | Forested peatland | Organic | 444 | Murayama and Bakar [1996] | |
| Thailand | Forest peatland | Organic | na | 1.12 ± 2.7 (0.19–12.6) | Ueda et al. [2000] |
| Micronesia | Forested peatland | Organic | 396 ± 36 (340–402) | na | Chimner [2004] |
| Mauim, Hawaii | Montane peatland | Organic | 285 ± 75 | Chimner [2004] | |
| Bocas del Toro, Panama | Forested peatland | Organic | 212 (11–1694) | 23 (−5.35–143) | Wright et al. [2011] |
| Bocas del Toro, Panama | Forested peatland | Organic | 238 (62–801) | 17 (−3.53–98.3) | Wright et al. [2011] |
| Bocas del Toro, Panama | Open peatland | Organic | 259 (7–950) | 31 (−6.40–7.88) | Wright et al. [2011] |
| Colon, Panama | Forested peatland | Organic | na | 14.4 (0–48) | Keller [1990] |
| Kalimantan, Indonesia | Forested peatland | Organic | na | Pangala et al. [2013] | |
| Ka'au, Hawaii | Montane swamp | Organic | 127 ± 47 | na | Chimner [2004] |
| Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela | Palm swamp | Organic | 30 (17–54) | na | Bracho and San José [1990] |
| Sumatra, Indonesia | Forested floodplain | Mineral | 410 ± 35 | na | Ali et al. [2006] |
| Sumatra, Indonesia | Forested floodplain | Mineral | 884 ± 212 | na | Ali et al. [2006] |
| Ka'au crater, Hawaii | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 5.25 ± 0.42 (2.08–14.17) | Grand and Gaidos [2010] |
| La Selva, Costa Rica | Flooded forest | Mineral | na | 23.3 ± 14.6 | Nahlik and Mitsch [2011] |
| La Selva, Costa Rica | Flooded forest | Mineral | na | 40.4 ± 13.1 | Nahlik and Mitsch [2011] |
| Earth wetlands, Costa Rica | Secondary forest | Mineral | na | 5.7 ± 1.4 | Nahlik and Mitsch [2011] |
| Earth wetlands, Costa Rica | Secondary forest | Mineral | na | 4.5 ± 0.78 | Nahlik and Mitsch [2011] |
| Orinoco, Venezuela | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 4.6 | Smith et al. [2000] |
| Orinoco, Venezuela | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 10.7 (0–78) | Smith and Lewis [1992] |
| Orinoco, Venezuela | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 12.8 (0.125–95.3) | Smith and Lewis [1992] |
| Orinoco, Venezuela | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 7.27 (0–68.7) | Smith and Lewis [1992] |
| Orinoco, Venezuela | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 10.3 (0–114) | Smith and Lewis [1992] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 4.6 (0.24-31.7) | Devol et al. [1988] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 1.88 (0–8.33) | Wassmann et al. [1992] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 2.29 ± 0.54 (0.014–47.3) | Devol et al. [1990] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 8 ± 1.12 | Bartlett et al. [1988] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | na | 5.25 ± 0.83 | Bartlett et al. [1990] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | 237 | 0.1 | Richey et al. [1988] |
| Amazon river, Brazil | Forested floodplain | Mineral | 36 | 7.5 | Richey et al. [1988] |
| Itu, Negro river, Brazil | Forested interfluvial wetland | Mineral | 375 | 1.9 | Belger et al. [2011] |
| Araca, Negro river, Brazil | Forested interfluvial wetland | Mineral | 583 | 2.5 | Belger et al. [2011] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | na | 5.9 ± 13.1 (0.042–91.1) | Marani and Alvala [2007] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 554 | 5.8 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 444 | 2.9 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 507 | 2.9 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 317 | 8.6 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 364 | 8.6 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 428 | 11.5272 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 586 | 11.5 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Pantanal, Brazil | Floodplain | Mineral | 1062 | 17.3 | Hamilton et al. [1995] |
| Congo river basin, Congo | Flooded forest | Mineral | na | 4.41 | Tathy et al. [1992] |
a
Error is standard deviation. As the fluxes reported here are from studies extending over different time periods, they should be used for indicative purposes to illustrate the range of fluxes in tropical wetlands. The forested tropical wetlands shown in the table were not managed. Positive fluxes represent a release of CO2 or CH4 from the peat, and negative CH4 fluxes indicate CH4 oxidation in the peat. na, not available.