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. 2013 Dec 5;27(4):1236–1245. doi: 10.1002/2013GB004600

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© 2013 The Authors. Global Biogeochemical Cycles published byWiley on behalf of the American Geophysical Union.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Annual mean perturbation of natural carbon fluxes in the upper Southern Ocean (100 m) per one unit increase in the standardized SAM index. The 2-D fields are integrated zonally and reported per kilometer in meridional direction. Negative fluxes indicate a sink for the perturbed surface DIC inventory (more export production or more CO₂ release into the atmosphere). The shaded areas show the 95% confidence intervals. (a) Contribution of vertical advection and of divergence of horizontal advection . (b) Contribution of export production (, green) and sea-air CO₂ exchange (, blue). (c) Idealized sketch of the perturbed carbon fluxes (red = source, blue = sink for surface DIC inventory). Dashed arrows indicate advection anomalies, solid arrows gas-exchange, and wiggled arrows export production. See Table 1 for the magnitude of the fluxes and the differences between summer and winter.

Inline graphic — Annual mean perturbation of natural carbon fluxes in the upper Southern Ocean (100 m) per one unit increase in the standardized SAM index. The 2-D fields are integrated zonally and reported per kilometer in meridional direction. Negative fluxes indicate a sink for the perturbed surface DIC inventory (more export production or more CO₂ release into the atmosphere). The shaded areas show the 95% confidence intervals. (a) Contribution of vertical advection and of divergence of horizontal advection . (b) Contribution of export production (, green) and sea-air CO₂ exchange (, blue). (c) Idealized sketch of the perturbed carbon fluxes (red = source, blue = sink for surface DIC inventory). Dashed arrows indicate advection anomalies, solid arrows gas-exchange, and wiggled arrows export production. See Table 1 for the magnitude of the fluxes and the differences between summer and winter.