Figure 1.

Reasons for triple therapy in GOLD Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, and Grade IV.

Notes: a) Added due to unsatisfactory improvement in shortness of breath with single or double therapy; b) added due to unsatisfactory improvement in cough/sputum with single or double therapy; c) addition of LAMA because of newly diagnosed COPD during the course of asthma treatment; d) addition of ICS/LABA due to likely comorbid asthma during the course of COPD treatment with LAMA; e) sustained use after starting with triple therapy because of severe symptoms and/or exacerbation on diagnosis; and f) others.

Abbreviations: GOLD, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β₂ agonist.