Table 1.

Recent neuroimaging studies assessing white matter injury

Cohorta	Imagingb	WM Findingsc		Refs
		Preoperative	Postoperative
A. HLHS
fetuses	MRI	• Progressive decline in WM volume from 25 to 37 weeks of gestation	N/A	[15]
fetuses	MRI	WMI (13–50%) • Prenatal diagnosis of WMI may be protective, depending on clinical practices	N/A	[82]
neonates		WMI (46–50%)
neonates	MRI	WMI (19%)  Males with aortic atresia were most vulnerable	N/A	[83]
B. Mixed
preterm neonates	MRI	WMI (42%) • Punctate WM lesions and structural abnormalities in central WM	N/A	[84]
	DTI	• Microstructural abnormalities in the splenium of all preterm patients with CHD
preterm neonates	DTI	• Reduced FA in cerebral WM including optic radiations and splenium	N/A	[85]
neonates	MRI	WMI (13%)	WMI (7%)	[86]
neonates	MRI	WMI (16%)	WMI (11–22%)	[16]
newborns	MRI	WMI (17%)	N/A	[87]
newborns	MRI	WMI	N/A	[52]
	DTI	↓ FA in WM tracts (optic radiations, internal capsul, corpus callosum, corticospinal)
newborns	DTI	↓ WM FA	↓ WM FA associated with new WMI	[88]
infants	MRI	WMI (24%)	WMI (30–31%)	[89]
infants	MRI	WMI (20%)	WMI (42–44%)	[17]
infants	MRI	WMI (19%)	N/A	[80]
	HUS	• Not sensitive enough to detect same brain injuries
infants	HUS	WMI (6%)	N/A	[90]
infants	MRI	WMI (42%)	N/A	[91]
	DTI	• Delayed WM microstructural maturation
adolescents	MRI	N/A	WMI (11%)	[92]
C. TGA, SVP
neonates	MRI	WMI (23%)	WMI (31%)	[93]
infants	MRI	WMI (28%)	N/A	[51]
	DTI	↓ WM FA (optic radiations, perirolandic, posterior, frontal)
infants	MRI	N/A	WMI (28%)	[94]
adolescents	MRI	WMI (20%)	N/A	[40]
	DTI	↓FA in 18 WM regions

Neuroimaging studies within the past 5 years.

^aHLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; SVP: single ventricle physiology.

^bMRI: magnetic resonance imaging; DTI: diffusion tensor imaging; HUS: head ultrasound.

^cWM: white matter; WMI: white matter injury; CHD: congenital heart disease; FA: fractional anisotropy.