Table 1. Prevalence of risk factors for developing sacral insufficiency fractures.
| Risk factor | Sacral insufficiency fracture |
| Osteoporosis | 100% (36/36) |
| Pelvic radiation therapy | 100% (18/18) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 100% (12/12) |
| Long-term corticosteroid therapy | 100% (12/12) |
| Postmenopausal | 100% (7/7) |
| Thoracolumbosacral/lumbosacral fusion | 100% (5/5) |
| Osteopenia | 100% (4/4) |
| Hx or present spondylosis/spondylolisthesis | 100% (4/4) |
| Hypothyroidism | 100% (4/4) |
| High body mass index (BMI) indicating obesity/obese | 100% (4/4) |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | 100% (3/3) |
| Liver transplantation | 100% (3/3) |
| Lung transplantation | 100% (3/3) |
| Sacral Tarlov cyst | 100% (2/2) |
| Heart and lung transplantation | 100% (1/1) |
| Scoliosis | 100% (1/1) |
| Increased lumbar lordosis | 100% (1/1) |
| High BMI indicating overweight/overweight | 100% (1/1) |
| Eating disorder | 100% (1/1) |
| Corticosteroid therapy | 92.3% (12/13) |
| High alkaline phosphatase level | 90% (9/10) |
| Low bone mineral density (BMD) | 83.3% (5/6) |
| Smoker | 75% (3/4) |
| Elderly female | 74.3% (75/101) |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 57.1% (4/7) |
| Low serum calcium level | 12.5% (1/8) |
| Low serum phosphorus level | 0% (0/7) |
| Malabsorption | 0% (0/3) |
| Recent increase in activity | 0% (0/1) |
| Osseous metastases | 0% (0/1) |
| Hx of stress fractures | 0% (0/1) |
Not all studies evaluated each risk factor; thus, the total values in parentheses represent the numerator (risk factor present) over the denominator (risk factor evaluated) within the total number of studies included in the investigation.