Table 4. Quality assessment of studies .

Study name	Comprehensive description of study participant(s)	Comprehensive description of etiology and consequences	Comprehensive inclusion/assessment of risk factors
Khan et al.6 Sacral insufficiency fractures following multilevel instrumented spinal fusion: case report	*	*	*
Mathews et al.7 Early fracture of the sacrum or pelvis: an unusual complication after multilevel instrumented lumbosacral fusion	*	*	*
Lee et al.8 Looking beyond low bone mineral density (BMD): multiple insufficiency fractures in a woman with postmenopausal osteoporosis on alendronate therapy	*	*	*
Parikh and Edlund.9 Sacral insufficiency fractures – rare complication of pelvic radiation for rectal carcinoma: report of a case	*	*	*
Stroebel et al.10 Sacral insufficiency fractures: an often unsuspected cause of low-back pain	*		*
Schulman et al.11 Insufficiency fractures of the sacrum: a cause of low-back pain after lung transplantation	*	*	*
Jacquot et al.12 Neurological complications in insufficiency fractures of the sacrum. Three case reports	*	*	*
West et al.13 Sacral insufficiency fractures in rheumatoid arthritis	*		*
Cooper et al.14 Insufficiency fractures of the sacrum	*	*
Ungaro et al.15 Groin pain in sacral insufficiency fracture. Avoiding delayed diagnosis	*		*
Galbraith et al.16 Sacral insufficiency fractures: an easily overlooked cause of back pain in the ED	*	*	*
Cheng et al.17 Sacral insufficiency fracture: a masquerader of diskogenic low-back pain	*	*	*
Muthukumar et al.18 Cauda equina syndrome presentation of sacral insufficiency fractures	*		*
Schizas and Theumann19 An unusual natural history of a L5-S1 spondylolisthesis presenting with a sacral insufficiency fracture	*		*
Peris et al.20 Sacral stress fracture after liver transplantation	*	*	*
Wild et al.21 Sacral insufficiency fracture, an unsuspected cause of low-back pain in elderly women	*	*
Lin et al.22 Sacral insufficiency fractures: a report of two cases and a review of the literature	*		*
Dasgupta et al.23 Sacral insufficiency fractures: an unsuspected cause of low-back pain	*		*
Peh et al.24 Sacral insufficiency fractures. Spectrum of radiological features	*	*
Oliver and Beggs.25 Defects in the pelvic ring as a cause of sacral insufficiency fractures	*		*
Fourney et al.26 Early sacral stress fracture after reduction of spondylolisthesis and lumbosacral fixation: case report	*	*	*
Peh and Evans.27 Tarlov Cysts – another cause of sacral insufficiency fracture	*	*	*
Blake and Connors.28 Sacral insufficiency fracture	*		*
Grasland et al.29 Sacral insufficiency fractures: an easily overlooked cause of back pain in elderly women.	*	*	*
Scheib.30 Sacral insufficiency fracture	*
Henry et al.31 Pelvic insufficiency fractures after irradiation: diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation	*		*
Breuil et al.32 Insufficiency fracture of the sacrum revealing a pregnancy associated osteoporosis. First case report	*		*
Haun et al.33 Sacral fatigue fracture in a female runner: a case report	*	*	*
Johnson et al.34 Stress fractures of the sacrum. An atypical cause of low-back pain in the female athlete	*	*	*
Rajah et al.35 Fatigue fracture of the sacrum in a child	*	*	*
Narvaez and Narvaez.36 Post-partal sacral fatigue fracture	*	*	*
Patterson et al.37 Fatigue fracture of the sacrum in an adolescent	*		*

*indicates whether the quality measure item is present within that study.