Table 2.
Changes over time in the outcome parameters by supplementation group (n = 66).
Parameter | Placebo (n = 21) | 40 μg/d (n = 24) | 80 μg/d (n = 21) | P K-W | P M-WU d | P J-T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D3 (nmol/L)a | 4.1 (17.3) | 27.7 (17.2)c | 45.0 (23.4)c | <0.001 | <0.001, <0.001 | <0.001 |
Serum PTH (pg/mL)b | 5.6 (7.4)c | −2.6 (10.8) | −6.4 (9.6)c | <0.001 | 0.003, <0.001 | <0.001 |
Serum calcium (mM)a | −0.06 (0.08)c | −0.04 (0.07)c | −0.03 (0.08) | 0.367 | — | 0.082 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol)a | −1.8 (1.2)c | −1.2 (2.0)c | −1.0 (2.0)c | 0.130 | — | 0.024 |
HbA1c (%)b | −0.2 (0.2)c | −0.1 (0.2)c | −0.1 (0.2)c | 0.231 | — | 0.061 |
Fasting glucose (nmol/L)a | −0.1 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.3)c | −0.2 (0.5)c | 0.483 | — | 0.104 |
30 min glucose (nmol/L)a,e | −0.4 (1.1) | −0.2 (1.0) | −0.3 (1.4) | 0.811 | — | 0.380 |
120 min glucose (nmol/L)a | −0.5 (1.6) | 0.7 (1.7) | 0.5 (1.8) | 0.039 | 0.011, 0.021 | 0.021 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L)b | 0.3 (6.1) | 0.6 (2.0) | −0.1 (5.3) | 0.690 | — | 0.241 |
30 min insulin (mU/L)b | −0.8 (29.6) | −0.8 (35.1) | −7.7 (31.7) | 0.142 | — | 0.030 |
120 min insulin (mU/L)b,e | 1.0 (34.7) | 10.5 (33.8) | 1.4 (60.6) | 0.584 | — | 0.430 |
HOMA2 %betaa | 6.2 (24.5) | 8.0 (14.5)c | 6.6 (17.3) | 0.605 | — | 0.300 |
HOMA2 %ISa | −2.9 (28.8) | −6.0 (23.7) | 2.0 (20.6) | 0.554 | — | 0.287 |
HOMA2 %IRa | 0.13 (0.71) | 0.09 (0.33) | 0.03 (0.99) | 0.714 | — | 0.243 |
Insulin sensitivity indexa | −0.1 (1.2) | −0.4 (1.4) | 0.3 (1.5) | 0.624 | — | 0.398 |
Insulinogenic indexb,e | 1.5 (9.2) | 0.1 (8.4) | −2.8 (7.3)c | 0.306 | — | 0.063 |
Waist circumference (cm)a,e | 0.02 (3.0) | 0.1 (2.3) | 0.5 (1.9) | 0.741 | — | 0.311 |
Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 0.25 (0.86) | 0.34 (0.55)c | 0.30 (0.58)c | 0.973 | — | 0.404 |
Serum ALAT (U/L)b | 0.3 (10.1) | 1.6 (8.7) | 0.07 (7.5) | 0.345 | — | 0.505 |
Serum GGT (U/L)b | −0.5 (14.2) | 0.9 (7.3) | −1.0 (8.6) | 0.462 | — | 0.211 |
Serum adiponectin (µg/mL)b | −0.3 (1.6) | −0.1 (1.7) | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.997 | — | 0.497 |
Serum C-reactive protein (mg/L)b | −0.01 (2.6) | −0.1 (1.4) | −0.6 (1.0)c | 0.328 | — | 0.122 |
Plasma TNF receptor II (pg/mL)b | 46.5 (387.5) | −15.8 (265.1) | 42.5 (312.7) | 0.635 | — | 0.235 |
Plasma IL-6 (pg/mL)b | −0.2 (0.6) | 0.04 (0.7) | −0.1 (0.6) | 0.371 | — | 0.380 |
Plasma IL-1 beta (pg/mL)b | na | na | na | (0.775) | — | (0.287) |
Plasma IL-1 receptor antagonist (pg/mL)b | 19.2 (85.1) | 2.7 (43.2) | −8.9 (52.6) | 0.383 | — | 0.070 |
aValues are mean (standard deviation).
bValues are median (interquartile range).
cWilcoxon Signed Rank test for the change within group, P WSR < 0.05.
dMann-Whitney U P value for the difference is computed in the following order: placebo and 40 µg/d, placebo and 80 µg/d.
e n = 65.
25(OH)D3: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; ALAT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HOMA: homeostatic modeling assessment; IL: interleukin; IR: insulin resistance; IS: insulin sensitivity; J-T: Jonckheere-Terpstra; K-W: Kruskal-Wallis; M-WU: Mann-Whitney U; PTH: parathyroid hormone.