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. 2015 May 27;2015:672653. doi: 10.1155/2015/672653

Table 2.

Changes over time in the outcome parameters by supplementation group (n = 66).

Parameter Placebo (n = 21) 40 μg/d (n = 24) 80 μg/d (n = 21) P K-W P M-WU d P J-T
Serum 25(OH)D3 (nmol/L)a 4.1 (17.3) 27.7 (17.2)c 45.0 (23.4)c <0.001 <0.001, <0.001 <0.001
Serum PTH (pg/mL)b 5.6 (7.4)c −2.6 (10.8) −6.4 (9.6)c <0.001 0.003, <0.001 <0.001
Serum calcium (mM)a −0.06 (0.08)c −0.04 (0.07)c −0.03 (0.08) 0.367 0.082
HbA1c (mmol/mol)a −1.8 (1.2)c −1.2 (2.0)c −1.0 (2.0)c 0.130 0.024
HbA1c (%)b −0.2 (0.2)c −0.1 (0.2)c −0.1 (0.2)c 0.231 0.061
Fasting glucose (nmol/L)a −0.1 (0.4) −0.1 (0.3)c −0.2 (0.5)c 0.483 0.104
30 min glucose (nmol/L)a,e −0.4 (1.1) −0.2 (1.0) −0.3 (1.4) 0.811 0.380
120 min glucose (nmol/L)a −0.5 (1.6) 0.7 (1.7) 0.5 (1.8) 0.039 0.011, 0.021 0.021
Fasting insulin (mU/L)b 0.3 (6.1) 0.6 (2.0) −0.1 (5.3) 0.690 0.241
30 min insulin (mU/L)b −0.8 (29.6) −0.8 (35.1) −7.7 (31.7) 0.142 0.030
120 min insulin (mU/L)b,e 1.0 (34.7) 10.5 (33.8) 1.4 (60.6) 0.584 0.430
HOMA2 %betaa 6.2 (24.5) 8.0 (14.5)c 6.6 (17.3) 0.605 0.300
HOMA2 %ISa −2.9 (28.8) −6.0 (23.7) 2.0 (20.6) 0.554 0.287
HOMA2 %IRa 0.13 (0.71) 0.09 (0.33) 0.03 (0.99) 0.714 0.243
Insulin sensitivity indexa −0.1 (1.2) −0.4 (1.4) 0.3 (1.5) 0.624 0.398
Insulinogenic indexb,e 1.5 (9.2) 0.1 (8.4) −2.8 (7.3)c 0.306 0.063
Waist circumference (cm)a,e 0.02 (3.0) 0.1 (2.3) 0.5 (1.9) 0.741 0.311
Body mass index (kg/m2)a 0.25 (0.86) 0.34 (0.55)c 0.30 (0.58)c 0.973 0.404
Serum ALAT (U/L)b 0.3 (10.1) 1.6 (8.7) 0.07 (7.5) 0.345 0.505
Serum GGT (U/L)b −0.5 (14.2) 0.9 (7.3) −1.0 (8.6) 0.462 0.211
Serum adiponectin (µg/mL)b −0.3 (1.6) −0.1 (1.7) −0.1 (1.1) 0.997 0.497
Serum C-reactive protein (mg/L)b −0.01 (2.6) −0.1 (1.4) −0.6 (1.0)c 0.328 0.122
Plasma TNF receptor II (pg/mL)b 46.5 (387.5) −15.8 (265.1) 42.5 (312.7) 0.635 0.235
Plasma IL-6 (pg/mL)b −0.2 (0.6) 0.04 (0.7) −0.1 (0.6) 0.371 0.380
Plasma IL-1 beta (pg/mL)b na na na (0.775) (0.287)
Plasma IL-1 receptor antagonist (pg/mL)b 19.2 (85.1) 2.7 (43.2) −8.9 (52.6) 0.383 0.070

aValues are mean (standard deviation).

bValues are median (interquartile range).

cWilcoxon Signed Rank test for the change within group, P WSR < 0.05.

dMann-Whitney U   P value for the difference is computed in the following order: placebo and 40 µg/d, placebo and 80 µg/d.

e n = 65.

25(OH)D3: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; ALAT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HOMA: homeostatic modeling assessment; IL: interleukin; IR: insulin resistance; IS: insulin sensitivity; J-T: Jonckheere-Terpstra; K-W: Kruskal-Wallis; M-WU: Mann-Whitney U; PTH: parathyroid hormone.

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