Table 1.
Changes of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in asthma.
| Biomarkers | Stable asthma | Unstable asthma |
|---|---|---|
| pH | ↔ [45, 71–73] ↓ [62–65] ↑ after ICS treatment [66, 69, 72] ↓ in GERD [63, 116, 117], ↑ after lansoprazole ↔ in GERD [118], ↔ after lansoprazole |
↓↓ [62, 66–68] |
|
| ||
| H2O2 | ↑ [74] correlated with ↓ FEV1
↑ [75] correlated with severity, ↓ FEV1, and ↓ after treatment with corticosteroids |
|
|
| ||
| LTs | ↑ [15, 76, 80–87] | |
| Cys-LTs | ↑ in EIB, before exercise [78] | Cys-LTs ↓ after OCS treatment [89] |
| ↑ in EIB, 10 min after exercise [78] | ||
| LTE4 | ↑ but ↔ after ICS treatment [82] | |
|
| ||
| 8-Isoprostane | ↑ but ↔ after ICS, OCS treatment [82, 93, 94] | |
|
| ||
| PGE2 | Nonsmokers: ↔ [15, 82, 94] smokers: ↑ [95] |
|
|
| ||
| ILs | ||
| IL-4 | ↑ [96–101] | |
| IL-5 | ↑ [102] | |
| IL-6 | ↑ [97–100, 103] | |
| IL-8 | ↑ [104] | |
| IL-10 | ↑ [70] | |
| IL-17 | ↑ [104] | |
|
| ||
| INF-γ | ↓ in paediatric population [96] | |
|
| ||
| RANTES | ↑ [104, 106, 107] correlated with ↓ FEV1 and ↑ Raw [104] |
↑↑ [106, 107] |
|
| ||
| MIP1α, MIP1β | ↑ in steroid naive adults [104] | |
|
| ||
| TNF-α, TGF-β | ↑, correlated with nonspecific BHR(PC) [104] | |
|
| ||
| ET-1 | ↑ [106, 107] | ↑↑ [106, 107] |
|
| ||
| Cytokeratine 1 | ↑ in paediatric population [109] | |
|
| ||
| MDA | ↑, ↓ after ICS treatment [110] | |
|
| ||
| ADMA | ↑ In paediatric population [111] | |
|
| ||
| CCL11 | ↑ [112] | ↑↑ [112] ↓ after omalizumab therapy in severe asthmatic patients [113] |
|
| ||
| hs-CRP | ↑ correlated with ↑ FeNO and ↑ serum hs-CRP [114] | ↑↑ correlated with ↑ FeNO and ↑ serum hs-CRP [114] |
|
| ||
| sICAM-1 | ↑ related to bronchial asthma manifestation in paediatric population [115] | |
↑ = increase, ↓ = reduction, ↔ = no significant change, and [x] = corresponding reference.
ICS = inhaled corticosteroids, GERD = gastroesophageal reflux, H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide, LTs = leukotrienes, PGE2 = prostaglandin-E2, EIB = exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, OCS = oral corticosteroids, ILs = interleukins, INF-γ = interferon-γ, MIP = macrophage inflammatory proteins, TNF-a = tumor necrosis factor-a, TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β, BHR(PC) = bronchial hyperresponsiveness(provocative concentration), ET-1 = endothelin-1, SPs = surfactant proteins, MDA = malondialdehyde, ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine, CCL11 = eotaxin-1, hs-CRP = high sensitivity c-reactive protein, and sICAM-1 = solute intercellular adhesion molecule-1.