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. 2015 Jun 10;6:174. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00174

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Copyright © 2015 Herzog, Powers, Johnston and Duvall.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Residual force enhancement in skeletal muscles. (A) Residual force enhancement (FE) and passive force enhancement (PFE) in a whole muscle preparation (cat soleus at 37°C). (B) Passive force enhancement (PFE) in a single myofibril preparation (rabbit psoas at 21°C). (C) Force enhancement (FE) and force above the isometric plateau (O-FE) in a single sarcomere preparation (rabbit psoas at 21°C). The gray line in (A) represents the isometric reference contraction while the black lines represent active stretch contractions followed by an isometric contraction. The gray line in (B) represents passive force during myofibril stretching and the black line the corresponding active force; deactivation occurred at about 55 s. The gray line in (C) represents the isometric reference force while the black line represents the experimentally enhanced force following an active stretch.