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. 2015 Jun 10;6:174. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00174

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Copyright © 2015 Herzog, Powers, Johnston and Duvall.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Titin-induced force enhancement: a half-sarcomere is stretched passively (left) and actively (right). During passive stretching, titin elongates according to its normal spring properties. During active stretching, calcium binds to titin and titin's proximal region binds to actin: both of these events increase titin's stiffness and thus its force when actively stretched compared to when passively stretched. (B) The effects of activation on titin's force (passive force) are illustrated schematically in the force-length graph with a shift of the passive force to the left of the sarcomere length scale, and an increase in stiffness at a given sarcomere length.