Table 2.

Participant Measures

Measure	Cronbach’s α	Respondent	Sample Question	Responses
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support	α = 0.93	Caregiver	“I get the emotional help and support I need from my family.”	Very Strongly Disagree; Strongly Disagree; Mildly Disagree; Neutral; Mildly Agree; Strongly Agree; Very Strongly Agree
Hispanic Stress Inventory	α = 0.80	Caregiver	“My income has not been sufficient to support my family or myself.”	Yes; No
Parent Relationship with Peer Group Scale	α = 0.86	Caregiver	“How often during a typical week do you supervise your child and his/her best friends spending time together?”	Not at all; A little bit; Somewhat often; Pretty often; Extremely often
Parenting Practices Scale	α = 0.79 (Positive parenting)	Adolescent	“When you have done something that your parents like or approve of, how often does your mother give you a wink or a smile?”	Never; Hardly ever; Sometimes; Most of the time; Always
	α = 0.87 (Parental Involvement)	Caregiver	“How often did your mom talk with you about what you had actually done during the day?”	This is certainly not true;……; This is certainly true
	α = 0.84 (Parental School Involvement)		“If there are problems with my child, I initiate contact with the teacher.”
School Climate -- School Bonding subscale	α = 0.76	Adolescent	“I feel safe at my school”	Not at all true; Not really true; Somewhat True; Very true;
Family Communication Scale	α = 0.72	Adolescent	“My family and I have the same views about what is right and wrong.”	Not at all true; Hardly ever true; True a lot; Almost always or always true;
Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale	α = 0.90	Adolescent	“I can discuss my beliefs with my mother without feeling restrained or embarrassed.”	Strongly disagree; Disagree; Agree; Strongly Agree;
Perceived peer norms of substance use	α = 0.79	Adolescent	“If your friends found out that you drank sometimes, how do you think they'd feel?	They would approve; They wouldn't care; They would disapprove but still be my friends; They would disapprove and stop being my friends;
Psychological Sense of School Membership	α = 0.86	Adolescent	“I can really be myself at this school.”	Not at all true; ……; Completely True
Initiation of Substance Use -- Monitoring the Future adaptation		Adolescent	“Have you ever smoked cigarettes?” “Have you ever had any beer, wine, wine coolers, or liquor to drink- more than just a few sips?” “Have you ever used drugs?” “Have you ever, even once, taken a prescription drug without a prescription or taken more than what was prescribed?”	Yes; No