Table 5.

Seroprevalence of S. neurona antibodies in equids.

Location	Year sampled	Type, source	No. tested	Test, cut-off	Positive		Reference
					No	%
USA  PA	1993–94	Thoroughbred farmsa	117	WBb	53	45.3	Bentz et al. (1997)
OR	Not stated	Horses from 4 regions, >3 month old	334	WBb	149	45.0	Blythe et al. (1997)
OH	1993–94	37 breeds, state widec	1056	WBb	560	53	Saville et al. (1997)
CO	1995–96	593 horses and 15 ponies	608	WBb	204	33.6	Tilloston et al. (1999)
OK	2001	Banked sera	798	WBb	712	89.2	Bentz et al. (2003)
WY	Not stated	Wild horses	276	WBb	18	6.5	Dubey et al. (2003b)
				SAT, 1:50	39	14.1
CA, FL, MO, MT	Not stated	Sera, diagnostic labs	208	IFAT, 1:100	49	26.0	Vardeleon et al. (2001)
MI	1997	1056 horses, 63 ponies, 3 donkeys, 1 mule from 98 herds	1121	WBd	627	56.0	Rossano et al. (2001, 2003)
40 states	2010–11	40 states, sera submitted to diagnostis lab	3123	IFAT, 1:80	865	27.6	Pusterla et al. (2014)
Canada	2001	Western Canada	239	WBb	0	0	Dubey et al. (2003b)
Argentina	1996	Chaco Province	76	WBb	27	35.5	Dubey et al. (1999c)
Argentina	2006–2010	9 Provinces	640	WBb	167	26.1	Moré et al. (2014)
Brazil	1998	Thoroughbreds	101	WBb	36	36.0	Dubey et al. (1999b)
	Not stated	10 states	961	ELISA SAG4e	669	69.6	Hoane et al. (2006)
	Not stated	Rio Grande do Sul	181	ELISA-crude extract	61	33.7	Pivoto et al. (2014)
Costa Rica	Not stated	7 Provinces	315	SnSAG2 ELISAe	133	42.2	Dangoudoubiyam et al.(2011)
India			123	WBb	1	0.8	Brown et al. (2006)
Spain		Galicia	384	SnSAG2 ELISAf	9	2.3	Arias et al. (2012)
France		2 farms in Normandy	50	SAT	18	36.0	Pitel et al. (2003)
Korea	Jeju island	Thoroughbred Jeju island	191	WB	0	0	Gupta et al. (2002)
Mexico	Durango state	Durango state	495	rSnSAG2/4/3ELISA	240	48.5	Yeargan et al. (2013)

^a20% of horses from each farm with a population of 580 horses; 4-week old to 26 year old, 1 4-week old might have colostrally-acquired antibodies.

^bWestern-blot, Granstrom et al. (1993)

^cEvery 36^th sample submitted to diagnostic lab for equine infectious anemia.

^dWB, blo treated with bovine antibodies against S. cruzi antigen Rossano et al., 2000).

^eHoane et al. (2005)

^fReactive to 30–35 kDa protein. Of these 26.1% reactive to 16–17 kDA protein, 5 (3.62%) reactive to rSnSAG2 ELISA, 4 (3%) reactive in SnSAG4/3 ELISA

CA=California, CO=Colorado, MI=Michigan, MO=Missouri, MS=Mississippi, OH=Ohio, OK=Oklahoma OR=Oregon, PA=Pennsylvania, WY=Wyoming.