Table 1.

Patient characteristics and plasma chemokine and cytokine levels

Characteristic	Normal controls	EV71-infected patients
		Mildly ill	Severely ill	Critically ill
Number	15	16	25	12
Age (months)	36 (17–54)	34 (12–66)	29 (11–74)	26 (9–42)
Male/female (n)	9:6	9:7	16:9	8:4
Temperature at admission (°C)	–	37.3 (36.8-39.5)	39.1 (38.0-41.0)b	39.2 (38.5-41.7) b,
WBC counts in blood (109/L)	–	8.9(3.5-14.1)	10.7(4.3-17.8)b	16.5(7.2-41.0) b,c
IL-1β in pla. (log pg/ml)	0 (und.-0.54)	0 (und.-0.48)	0.93 (und.-1.86) a,b	0.78 (und.-1.69) a,b
IL-6 in pla. (log pg/ml)	0 (und.)	0 (und.-0.75)	0.89 (und.-1.62) a,b	1.36(0.67.-1.93) a,b,c
TNF-α in pla. (log pg/ml)	0 (und.)	0 (und.)	0 (und.-0.66)	0 (und.-0.87)
IL-10 in pla. (log pg/ml)	0 (und.)	0 (und.-1.22)	0 (und.-1.61)	1.12 (und.-2.51) a,b,c
IL-8 in pla. (log pg/ml)	0.76 (und.-1.47)	0.87 (und.-1.64)	0.91 (und.-1.77)	1.67 (0.79-2.62) a,b,c
IP-10 in pla. (log pg/ml)	2.25 (1.79-2.83)	2.44 (1.62-3.13)	2.67 (2.21-3.09)	2.59 (2.00-3.17)
MCP-1 in pla. (log pg/ml)	1.47 (1.15-2.33)	1.39 (1.09-2.08)	1.51 (1.28-2.11)	1.78 (1.30-2.73)
MIG in pla. (log pg/ml)	2.39 (1.71-2.62)	2.55 (1.66-2.75)	2.21 (1.31-2.81)	2.67 (1.73-2.95)
RANTES in pla. (log pg/ml)	4.11 (3.07-4.55)	4.17 (3.38-4.60)	4.27 (3.52-4.71)	4.19 (1.95-4.52)

Data are shown as medians (with ranges). Thus, the levels of cytokines and chemokines are shown as median log₁₀ pg/ml (again, with ranges). a. The plasma levels of chemokines and cytokines in EV71-infected patients were higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.05). b. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in such concentrations were evident between the mildly ill group and other groups. c. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also noted between the critically and severely ill groups. Cytokine and chemokine levels below the detection limits were defined to be 10⁰ pg/ml, to allow statistical analysis. Und: undetermined; pla: plasma