Table 2.
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for AAS dependence [49]. At least two of the following criteria must be met over a 12-month period..
Criteria |
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The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended |
There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use of the substance |
A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects |
Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use the substance |
Recurrent use of the substance resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home |
Continued use of the substance despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of its use |
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use of the substance |
Recurrent use of the substance in situations in which it is physically hazardous |
Use of the substance is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance |
Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: a) a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or the desired effect b) a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance |
Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: a) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for other (or unknown) substance b) the substance (or a closely related substance) is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms |