Table 4.
Relationship between percent mark-ups and market, outlet and product characteristics (N = 640 anti-malarials)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Regression coefficient | 95 % Confidence-interval | Regression coefficient | 95 % Confidence-interval |
| Market characteristics | ||||
| Concentration_HHI volumes | 0.79 | (0.54–1.16) | 0.53*** | (0.33–0.85) |
| At high malaria risk (reference) | - | - | ||
| At moderate malaria risk | 0.80 | (0.61–1.05) | 0.78* | (0.59–1.03) |
| At low malaria risk | 0.88 | (0.67–1.16) | 0.89 | (0.67–1.19) |
| Remote (reference) | - | - | ||
| Moderately accessible | 1.01 | (0.72–1.42) | 0.50** | (0.29–0.88) |
| Highly accessible | 0.88 | (0.68–1.13) | 0.85 | (0.55–1.34) |
| Concentration_HHI X Remote (reference) | - | |||
| Concentration_HHI X Moderately accessible | 5.58*** | (2.10–14.88) | ||
| Concentration_HHI X Highly accessible | 0.84 | (0.35–2.03) | ||
| Outlet characteristics | ||||
| Located in areas without drug resistance (reference) | - | - | ||
| Located in areas with suspected/confirmed drug resistance | 0.97 | (0.74–1.27) | 1.00 | (0.77–1.30) |
| Pharmacies/Clinical Pharmacies (reference) | - | - | - | |
| Drug Shop | 1.17 | (0.86–1.60) | 1.14 | (0.84–1.54) |
| Mobile Provider | 1.14 | (0.84–1.54) | 1.02 | (0.76–1.38) |
| Grocery Store | 0.90 | (0.64–1.27) | 0.87 | (0.63–1.21) |
| Village Shop | 1.15 | (0.75–1.75) | 1.04 | (0.68–1.60) |
| Suppliers deliver | 1.05 | (0.85–1.30) | 1.07 | (0.87–1.31) |
| Number of years in operation (year) | 0.99* | (0.98–1.00) | 0.99* | (0.98–1.00) |
| Number of AETD sold in past 1 week | 0.99* | (0.98–1.00) | 0.99* | (0.98–1.00) |
| Product characteristics | ||||
| Tablet (reference) | - | - | ||
| Injectable | 1.21 | (0.72–2.01) | 1.22 | (0.73–2.05) |
| Not branded (reference) | - | - | ||
| Branded | 0.66*** | (0.51–0.99) | 0.66*** | (0.51–0.85) |
| Artesunate + Mefloquine (reference) | - | - | ||
| Artemether | 0.71 | (0.40–1.28) | 0.69 | (0.38–1.26) |
| Artesunate | 0.60*** | (0.45–0.79) | 0.61*** | (0.45–0.80) |
| Chloroquine | 1.97*** | (1.40–2.77) | 2.03*** | (1.43–2.86) |
| Dihydroartemisinin | 0.52 | (0.11–2.53) | 0.54 | (0.13–2.34) |
| Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine | 1.07 | (0.64–1.79) | 1.11 | (0.65–1.88) |
| Mefloquine | 0.68 | (0.43–1.08) | 0.67 | (0.42–1.06) |
| Quinine | 1.26 | (0.68–2.34) | 1.25 | (0.67–2.32) |
| Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine | 1.32 | (0.86–2.03) | 1.23 | (0.79–1.92) |
| Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine + Primaquine | 1.38 | (0.88–2.16) | 1.51 | (0.96–2.36) |
| Constant | 84.77*** | (49.40–146.94) | 108.85*** | (62.18–188.67) |
| Observations | 640 | |||
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.144 | 0.168 | ||
Coefficients presented in this table are the back-transformed coefficients from the log-linear model. Coefficients were back-transformed by calculating their exponent. The statistical significance of the back-transformed coefficients is therefore inferred by whether 1 is excluded in the 95 % confidence interval. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1; − is the reference group