Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables related to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
| Type 2 diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No CAN (n = 63) | CAN (n = 47) | p value | |
| Age (years) | 59.5 ± 8.6 | 56.3 ± 8.1 | 0.055 |
| Men/Women (%) | 40/23 (64/36) | 32/15 (68/32) | 0.616 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.2 | 25.0 ± 2.9 | 0.225 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.7 ± 7.1 | 14.2 ± 7.2 | 0.076 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.9 ± 16.8 | 127.5 ± 15.1 | 0.851 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.3 ± 10.5 | 77.1 ± 8.8 | 0.894 |
| Lipid profile (mg/dL) | |||
| Total cholesterol | 155.7 ± 30.8 | 156.6 ± 33.6 | 0.885 |
| Triglyceride | 116.4 ± 62.0 | 134.1 ± 61.1 | 0.139 |
| HDL-C | 49.1 ± 11.3 | 46.3 ± 10.0 | 0.176 |
| LDL-C | 87.4 ± 23.8 | 90.5 ± 29.4 | 0.551 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 0.108 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 83.5 ± 21.5 | 89.4 ± 19.3 | 0.142 |
| Use of insulin, n (%) | 16 (25) | 25 (53) | 0.003 |
| Use of oral anti-diabetic drug, n (%) | 55 (87) | 40 (85) | 0.740 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 48 (76) | 39 (83) | 0.386 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 24 (38) | 16 (34) | 0.662 |
| Thiazolidinedione, n (%) | 9 (14) | 0 (0) | 0.014 |
| Glinide, n (%) | 5 (8) | 2 (4) | 0.434 |
| DPP 4 inhibitor, n (%) | 22 (35) | 17 (44) | 0.892 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | 15 (24) | 9 (19) | 0.558 |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 46 (73) | 36 (77) | 0.670 |
| Use of anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%) | 47 (75) | 32 (68) | 0.452 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 51 (68) | 25 (71) | 0.717 |
| CCB, n (%) | 17 (27) | 8 (17) | 0.217 |
| Thiazide, n (%) | 6 (9.5) | 6 (12.8) | 0.589 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 9 (14) | 6 (12) | 0.818 |
| Use of aspirin, n (%) | 32 (51) | 22 (47) | 0.679 |
| Smoking (ex- or current smoker), n (%) | 23 (37) | 17 (36) | 0.971 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (25th to 75th percentile) or percent
CAN cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, ARB antiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker