Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics among four types of radical prostatectomy registered in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database between April 2012 and March 2013
| Characteristic | Type of radical prostatectomy, n (%) or median (IQR) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open | Laparoscopic | MIE-RP | Robot-assisted | ||
| Total | 7202 (100.0) | 2483 (100.0) | 1181 (100.0) | 2126 (100.0) | |
| No. of hospitals | 552 | 90 | 68 | 45 | |
| Age, years | 68 (64–72) | 68 (64–71) | 67 (63–71) | 67 (62–71) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | |||||
| 0 | 5405 (75.0) | 1877 (75.6) | 887 (75.1) | 1908 (89.7) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 1167 (16.2) | 409 (16.5) | 196 (16.6) | 166 (7.8) | |
| ≥2 | 630 (8.7) | 197 (7.9) | 98 (8.3) | 52 (2.4) | |
| Body mass index | 23.7 (22.0–25.6) | 23.8 (22.0–25.7) | 23.7 (22.0–25.5) | 23.7 (22.1–25.6) | 0.497 |
| Missing | 48 (0.7) | 15 (0.6) | 39 (3.3) | 13 (0.6) | |
| Smoking index, pack-year | 0 (0–30) | 5 (0–35) | 8 (0–35) | 0 (0–26) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 870 (12.1) | 363 (14.6) | 207 (17.5) | 445 (20.9) | |
| Stage | |||||
| T1 | 1701 (23.6) | 707 (28.5) | 255 (21.6) | 961 (45.2) | <0.001 |
| T2 | 3941 (54.7) | 1244 (50.1) | 608 (51.5) | 879 (41.3) | |
| T3 | 772 (10.7) | 152 (6.1) | 148 (12.5) | 122 (5.7) | |
| T4, N+, or M+ | 161 (2.2) | 32 (1.3) | 25 (2.1) | 14 (0.7) | |
| Missing | 627 (8.7) | 348 (14.0) | 145 (12.3) | 150 (7.1) | |
| Type of hospital | |||||
| Academic | 1102 (15.3) | 1267 (51.0) | 335 (28.4) | 1594 (75.0) | <0.001 |
| Non-academic | 6100 (84.7) | 1216 (49.0) | 846 (71.6) | 532 (25.0) | |
| Hospital volume | 25 (14–40) | 61 (34–91) | 34 (22–50) | 96 (59–155) | <0.001 |
| Perioperative outcome | |||||
| Autologous transfusion | 5951 (82.6) | 1038 (41.8) | 835 (70.7) | 260 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| Homologous transfusion | 523 (7.3) | 56 (2.3) | 68 (5.8) | 15 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Overall complications | 380 (5.3) | 98 (3.9) | 48 (4.1) | 18 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis/DIC | 15 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0.600 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 14 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0.288 |
| Cardiac events | 80 (1.1) | 34 (1.4) | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Vascular complications | 49 (0.7) | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory complications | 35 (0.5) | 16 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 0.085 |
| Peritonitis or peritoneal abscess | 16 (0.2) | 7 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.139 |
| Ileus | 20 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0.309 |
| Genitourinary complications | 63 (0.9) | 26 (1.0) | 9 (0.8) | 1 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Disruption of operation wound | 68 (0.9) | 3 (0.1) | 9 (0.8) | 1 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Colorectal injury | 34 (0.5) | 7 (0.3) | 6 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.010 |
| Other intraoperative complications | 23 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 9 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Others† | 25 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | 5 (0.4) | 1 (0.0) | 0.079 |
| Anesthesia time, min‡ | 268 (223–323) | 329 (270–386) | 304 (252–356) | 322 (279–382) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative length of stay, days‡ | 14 (11–17) | 11 (9–14) | 13 (11–17) | 11 (9–13) | <0.001 |
| Total costs, $US‡,† | 10 946 (10 098–12 035) | 14 160 (13 409–15 121) | 12 911 (12 063–14 147) | 15 676 (14 984–16 495) | <0.001 |
| Costs excluding operation, $US‡,† | 4616 (3940–5526) | 4208 (3527–4982) | 4642 (3878–5855) | 4434 (3758–5123) | <0.001 |
†
The number of events was 10 or less. In-hospital mortality (n = 9, P = 0.22), pseudomembranous enterocolitis (n = 5, P = 0.10), stroke (n = 9, P = 0.87), pneumonia or flu (n = 10, P = 0.56), and acute renal failure (n = 5, P = 0.40).
‡
Values were transformed into log-10 values for the modeling because of their skewed distributions.
§
$US1 = ¥100. DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; IQR, interquartile range; MIE-RP, minimal incision endoscopic radical prostatectomy.