Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics, HRS 1998–2010 (N = 18,952)

	Non-Hispanic whites (n = 14,828)	Non-Hispanic blacks (n = 2,653)	Hispanics (n = 1,471)
Entered nursing home	0.16	0.13	0.09***
Predisposing factors (sociodemographics)
Women (ref = man)	0.57	0.62***	0.58*
Birth year	1927.58	1928.71***	1929.37***
Foreign born	0.05	0.05	0.55***
Need (health and functioning)
ADL difficulties (0–6)	0.48	0.74***	0.76***
I-ADL difficulties (0–3)	0.19	0.30***	0.31***
Mobility difficulties (0–5)	1.29	1.54***	1.49***
Number of cognitive impairments (0–35)	12.91	16.17***	15.62***
Incontinence	0.26	0.20***	0.20***
Previous hospitalization	0.33	0.32	0.29***
Enabling (socioeconomic resources)
Less than high school education	0.22	0.51***	0.67***
Non-housing wealth ($10,000s)	49.49	10.84***	12.45***
Homeownership	0.82	0.67***	0.64***
Any Medicaid	0.05	0.22***	0.35***
Income ($10,000s)	5.05	2.71***	2.21***
Enabling (social and family ties)
Number of living children	3.13	3.80***	4.19***
Any living siblings	0.78	0.78	0.88***
£Marital status
Married (reference)	0.60	0.40***	0.54***
Widowed	0.30	0.40***	0.29
Divorced	0.08	0.16***	0.13***
Never married	0.02	0.04***	0.04***
£Proximity of children
Lives farther than 10 miles from child (reference)	0.39	0.31***	0.28***
Child lives within 10 miles	0.47	0.39***	0.35***
Lives with child	0.14	0.30***	0.37***
£Future help availability
No help available (reference)	0.35	0.22***	0.30***
Help available	0.50	0.55***	0.48***
Currently using help	0.15	0.23***	0.22***

Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; I-ADL = instrumental activities of daily living.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.