TABLE 2.
Neurological manifestations in neurotoxocariasis cases from 1985 to June 2014a
| CNS involvement | Neurological manifestation; patient description | Diagnostic tests and findings | Medication | Country | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | Cerebral vasculitis; 66-year-old woman | 11% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA, WB) | Improved spontaneously without any anthelmintic treatment | France | 230 |
| Cerebral vasculitis; 75-year-old woman | 50% eosinophils in blood; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA, WB) | Albendazole plus dexamethasone | Austria | 231 | |
| Cerebral vasculitis; 45-year-old man | Anti-T. canis IgE antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA); cerebral angiography | Unknown | France | 144 | |
| Cerebral vasculitis; 49-year-old man | Anti-T. canis IgE antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Anthelmintic treatment | France | 144 | |
| Eosinophilic meningitis; 11-year-old girl | 30% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Diethylcarbamazine | Britain | 232 | |
| Eosinophilic meningitis; 17-year-old boy | 75% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole | South Korea | 49 | |
| Eosinophilic meningitis; 54-year-old man | Computed tomography; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in blood (WB) and Toxocara DNA in CSF | Albendazole plus corticosteroids | Italy | 33 | |
| Eosinophilic encephalitis; 48-year-old woman | 57% eosinophils in blood; MRI; computed tomography; indirect immunofluorescence test; IQ of 90 reduced to 55 (WIP) | Diethylcarbamazine plus fenbendazole plus prednisone | Germany | 132 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 18-year-old man | Eosinophilia in blood; computed tomography; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Thiabendazole plus dexamethasone | Brazil | 233 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 2-year-old boy | 58% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole plus dexamethasone | Brazil | 63 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 54-year-old woman | 36% eosinophils in CSF; computed tomography; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole plus methylprednisolone | Greece | 118 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 5-year-old girl | 57% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole | Brazil | 234 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 45-year-old man | 70% eosinophils in blood; computed tomography | Albendazole plus prednisolone | France | 235 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; 54-year-old woman | 10% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole plus methylprednisolone | USA | 236 | |
| Bilateral subdural hematoma and a small subarachnoid hemorrhage; 2.5-year-old infant autopsy | NA | NA | Britain | 143 | |
| Fibrotic arachnoidea; 53-year-old woman | Granulomatous mass with Toxocara larva identified by histopathology | Surgery | Italy | 237 | |
| Cerebral meningoradiculitis | Eosinophilia in the CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (immunodiagnostic) | Unclear | France | 238 | |
| Seizure; 1-year-old boy | 58% eosinophils in blood; computed tomography; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Thiabendazole plus prednisolone | USA | 182 | |
| Seizure; 26-year-old woman | 6% eosinophils in blood; computed tomography; cranial MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Diethylcarbamazine | Germany | 137 | |
| Epileptic seizure; 7-year-old girl | 9% eosinophils in blood; computed tomography scan and MRI; T. canis larva identified in histological section | Mebendazole | Poland | 239 | |
| Seizures; 13-year-old girl | Computed tomography scan, MRI, histopathology | Albendazole | India | 181 | |
| Epileptic seizure; 11-year-old girl | 9.5% eosinophils in blood; computed tomography scan, MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Albendazole | Switzerland | 70 | |
| Cognitive impairments and dementia; 65-year-old woman | Eosinophilia in CSF; computed tomography; EEG; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole | Germany | 75 | |
| Cognitive impairments; 45-year-old man | Normal eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (WB) | Albendazole plus prednisolone | Germany | 2 | |
| Spinal cord | Myelitis; 43-year-old woman | 8% eosinophils in blood; T. canis larva detected in CSF | Thiabendazole | China | 124 |
| Myelitis; young woman | Eosinophilia in blood and CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Diethylcarbamazine | France | 147 | |
| Myelitis; 23-year-old woman | 11% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Thiabendazole plus mebendazole plus dexamethasone | USA | 145 | |
| Myelitis; 58-year-old man | 50% eosinophils in blood; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Mebendazole plus methylprednisolone | Belgium | 240 | |
| Myelitis; 54-year-old woman | 40% eosinophils in CSF; spinal MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Mebendazole plus methylprednisolone | Belgium | 125 | |
| Transverse myelitis; 5-year-old boy | 57% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Thiabendazole for 15 days | Brazil | 234 | |
| Transverse myelitis; 5-year-old girl | 15% eosinophils in blood, 57% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Thiabendazole for 14 days plus albendazole for 10 days | Brazil | 234 | |
| Myelitis; 32-year-old woman | 50% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Mebendazole | France | 241 | |
| Myelitis; 37-year-old woman | 11% eosinophils in CSF; brain MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole | Japan | 134 | |
| Myelitis; 40-year-old woman | 10% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA, WB) | Albendazole plus prednisolone | Japan | 134 | |
| Myelitis; 8 men (mean age, 48.5 yr) | MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood (ELISA) | Albendazole plus steroid/no improvement | South Korea | 114 | |
| Myelitis; 14 men (42.8 ± 11.0 yr) and 3 women (31.0 ± 9.9 yr) | 47.1% of patients with eosinophilia in blood; MRI | Albendazole plus steroids | Lebanon | 138 | |
| Lower motor neuron disease; 51-year-old man | Normal eosinophil counts in blood and CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA, WB) | Albendazole plus diethylcarbazine (LMND remained in progress) | Austria | 242 | |
| Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis; 21-year-old woman | 30% eosinophils in CSF; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA, WB) | Diethylcarbamazine plus prednisolone | Japan | 148 | |
| Meningomyelitis; 49-year-old man | 37% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole plus steroids | Germany | 146 | |
| Eosinophilic meningomyelitis; 39-year-old man | >40% eosinophils in CSF; MRI | Albendazole plus prednisolone | Germany | 123 | |
| Encephalomyelitis; 2-year-old girl | 11% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Thiabendazole plus prednisolone | Brazil | 243 | |
| Intracranial and intraspinal abscesses; 38-year-old man | 26% eosinophils in blood; MRI; computed tomography scan; Toxocara larva was identified | Lost to follow-up | India | 244 | |
| Encephalomyelitis; 45-year-old man | 21% eosinophils in blood and 9% eosinophils in CSF; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (ELISA) | Albendazole plus methylprednisolone | Belgium | 135 | |
| Chronic Viliuisk encephalomyelitis; 3 males and 17 females (51.9 ± 14.0 yr) | 13 patients had eosinophilia in blood; MRI; anti-T. canis IgG antibody in the blood and CSF (WB) | No treatment records described | Sakha Republic | 151 |
a
NA, not available; WIP, a shortened form of the Wechsler intelligence test; LMND, lower motor neuron disease.