FIG 1.

Environmental reservoirs, routes of transmission, and clinical manifestations associated with Campylobacter species. Campylobacter species can be transmitted to humans through consumption of undercooked or contaminated food or via contact with animals. Tap, bore, and pond waters are also sources of Campylobacter species. Person-to-person transmission (fecal-oral or via fomites) can occur. Ingestion of a sufficient dose of organisms via the oral-gastric route may lead to one or more gastrointestinal and/or extragastrointestinal manifestations; the outcome is dependent on the species or strains of Campylobacter involved in the infection. Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome. Question marks indicate conditions for which a role for Campylobacter is implicated but not certain.