Figure 10. Upregulation of key enzymes necessary for ammoniagenesis and α-KG production activate α-KG secretion.

(A) Reversible multienzyme ammoniagenesis pathway produces α-KG from glutamine. (B) Summary of qPCR survey of key enzymes responsible for α-KG anabolism (Gls and Glud1) and catabolism (Glu1 and Got2). Data represent the mean ± SEM. n = 6 animals. *P < 0.05 by 2-tailed t test for WT versus KO. Summary data for plasma α-KG (C), as well as for urinary excretion of α-KG (D) and ammonia (NH₃ and NH₄⁺) (E) and urine pH (F). Data represent the mean ± SEM. n = 6 animals. *P < 0.05 by 2-tailed t test for WT versus KO.