TABLE 4—

Associations Between Exposure to In-Store Marketing Strategies and Body Mass Index Among Residents of Food Deserts: Pittsburgh, PA, 2011

Variable	Model 1: SSBs	Model 2: Foods High in SOFAS	Model 3: Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grain Products	Model 4: SSBs + SOFAS	Model 5: SSB Price Reduction
Intercept	30.69	30.82	31.07	30.77	30.86
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01
Gender (male)	−2.14**	−2.11**	−2.06**	−2.12**	−2.08**
Completed high school	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.05
Some college	1.02	1.00	0.99	1.01	1.06
Has college degree	−1.34	−1.34	−1.36	−1.35	−1.30
Income	−0.001	−0.001	0.000	−0.001	0.002
Has children	1.24	1.28	1.33*	1.26	1.31*
Exposure
Per SSB display	0.008*
Per candy, salty snack, and cookie display		0.003
Per healthy food display			0.003
Per low-nutrient food special display				0.002*
Per SSB price reduction					0.029

Notes. SOFAS = foods high in solid oils, fats, and added sugars; SSBs = sugar-sweetened beverages. Food desert is defined as an area that typically lacks easy access to fresh fruits and vegetables.

*P = .05; **P = .01.