Table 2.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of R-α-lipoic acid after oral administration or intraduodenal administration of R-α-lipoic acid or R-α-lipoic acid/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to pylorus ligated rats.
| Formulation | RLA | RLA/γ-CD | RLA | RLA/γ-CD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Route | po under PL | po under PL | id | id |
| Group number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Cmax (µg/mL) | 1.1 ± 0.4 *, a,b | 1.3 ± 0.6 *, c,d | 5.4 ± 0.6 *, a,c,e | 14.9 ± 3.9 *, b,d,e |
| Tmax (min) | 5.7 ± 4.4 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 2.6 |
| AUC0–t (µg·min/mL) | 32 ± 14 *, b | 33 ± 16 *, d | 46 ± 15 *, e | 235 ± 45 *, b,d,e |
Pharmacokinetic parameters are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). RLA, R-α-lipoic acid; RLA/γ-CD, R-α-lipoic acid/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex; Cmax, maximum plasma RLA concentration; Tmax, time of maximum plasma RLA concentration; AUC0-t, area under the plasma concentration curve (from initial to last points); po, per os; PL, pylorus ligation; id, intraduodenal. *, Probability (p) < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed among the all groups by using analysis of variance by followed Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. a, Group 1 vs. 3; b, Group 1 vs. 4; c, Group 2 vs. 3; d, Group 2 vs. 4; e, Group 3 vs. 4.