Table 3.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of R-α-lipoic acid after oral administration or intraduodenal administration of R-α-lipoic acid or R-α-lipoic acid/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to pylorus ligated rats.
| Formulation | RLA | RLA/γ-CD | RLA | RLA/γ-CD | RLA-Na | RLA-Na |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Route | id | id | id | id | iv | iv |
| Group number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | not determined | not determined |
| Operation | Sham | Sham | BDL | BDL | Sham | BDL |
| Cmax or C0 (µg/mL) | 5.7 ± 0.8 *,a,b | 16.9 ± 5.2 *,a,c | 5.8 ± 1.7 *,c,b | 11.9 ± 3.5 *,b,d | 79.4 ± 20.9 | 79.2 ± 10.9 |
| Tmax (min) | 1.8 ± 0.4 *,b | 5.2 ± 2.9 | 1.8 ± 0.4 *,b | 6.2 ± 3.2 *,b,d | not determined | not determined |
| AUC0–t (µg·min/mL) | 49 ± 16 *,a,b | 260 ± 50 *,a,c | 54 ± 17 *,c,d | 259 ± 55 *,b,d | 516 ± 87 | 540 ± 79 |
Pharmacokinetic parameters are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). RLA, R-α-lipoic acid; RLA/γ-CD, R-α-lipoic acid/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex; RLA-Na, R-α-lipoic acid sodium salt; Cmax, maximum plasma RLA concentration; C0, initial concentration; Tmax, time of maximum plasma RLA concentration; AUC0–t, area under the plasma concentration curve (from initial to last points); id, intraduodenal; iv, intravenous; Sham, sham-operation; BDL, common bile duct ligation. *, Probability (p) < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed among the id groups by using analysis of variance by followed Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. a, Group 1 vs. 2; b, Group 1 vs. 4; c, Group 2 vs. 3; d, Group 3 vs. 4.