Table 1.
Characteristics of patients and standard echocardiographic parameters in each group.
| Parameter | Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-HF Group n = 60 | HF Group n = 60 | Non-HF vs. HF | |||
| Age (years) | 61.76 ± 11 | 64.54 ± 11 | 0.57 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.38 ± 4 | 28.66 ± 4 | 0.16 | ||
| GFR MDRD (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 89.31 ± 6 | 67.72 ± 24 | 0.0001 | ||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.82 ± 8 | 122.28 ± 14 | 0.0001 | ||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82.00 ± 8 | 75.72 ± 8 | 0.0001 | ||
| HR (bpm) | 70.57 ± 4 | 74.34 ± 9 | 0.09 | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.38 ± 0.96 | 13.87 ± 1 | 0.11 | ||
| Galectin-3 (ng/mL) | 21.27 ± 5 | 18.59 ± 11 | 0.43 | ||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 32.63 ± 44 | 30.94 ± 16 | 0.23 | ||
| CT-1 (pg/mL) | 89.13 ± 115 | 229.51 ± 129.7 | <0.0001 | ||
| TGF-β (ng/mL) | 10.67 ± 2.92 | 5.98 ± 2 | <0.0001 | ||
| Syndecan (ng/mL) | 1.39 ± 1.08 | 4.14 ± 3 | <0.0001 | ||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 150.12 ± 115 | 1889.03 ± 336 | <0.0001 | ||
| CysC (mg/L) | 0.81 ± 0.44 | 1.37 ± 0.83 | <0.0001 | ||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 50.71 ± 45 | 64.96 ± 36 | 0.007 | ||
| PIIINP (ng/mL) | 2.21 ± 1 | 2.62 ± 0.97 | 0.06 | ||
| IL1R1(ng/mL) | 0.45 ± 0.31 | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.05 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.26 ± 1 | 3.60 ± 4.70 | 0.95 | ||
| LVEDD (mm) | 49.86 ± 5 | 63.22 ± 9 | <0.0001 | ||
| LVESD (mm) | 31.65 ± 5 | 48.10 ± 10 | <0.0001 | ||
| LVEF (%) | 60.92 ± 4 | 36.70 ± 10 | <0.0001 | ||
| LA (mm) | 36.59 ± 5 | 45.14 ± 7 | <0.0001 | ||
| peak E (cm/s) | 70.84 ± 15 | 62.90 ± 23 | 0.19 | ||
| peak A (cm/s) | 68.10 ± 19 | 87.40 ± 13 | 0.01 | ||
| E/A ratio | 1.10 ± 0.38 | 0.66 ± 0.25 | 0.008 | ||
| DT (ms) | 257.88 ± 66 | 343.17 ± 106 | 0.04 | ||
| IVSD (mm) | 9.39 ± 2 | 11.77 ± 2 | <0.0001 | ||
| PWD (mm) | 9.29 ± 1 | 11.33 ± 2 | 0.002 | ||
| RVdD (mm) | 27.31 ± 3 | 28.82 ± 4 | 0.08 | ||
| LVEDV (mL) | 83.44 ± 23 | 213.59 ± 60 | <0.0001 | ||
| LVESV (mL) | 29.06 ± 8 | 135.55 ± 50 | <0.0001 | ||
| TAPSE (mm) | 25.16 ± 3 | 21.67 ± 3 | 0.005 | ||
| Parameter | Number of Patients (%) | p | |||
| Non-HF Group; n = 60 | HF Group; n = 60 | ||||
| Gender (male) | 22 (45) | 43 (86) | <0.0001 | ||
| Smoking | 4 (8) | 2 (4) | 0.65 | ||
| Heart failure acc. to NYHA | I | 35 (72) | 5 (10) | 0.0001 | |
| II | 14 (28) | 21 (42) | |||
| III | 0 | 24 (48) | |||
| IV | 0 | 0 | |||
| Stenocardia acc. to CCS | 0 | 27 (55) | 2 (4) | 0.0001 | |
| I | 5 (10) | 34 (68) | |||
| II | 17 (34) | 13 (26) | |||
| III | 0 | 1 (2) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus or abnormal glucose level | 9 (18) | 19 (38) | 0.03 | ||
| Statins | 21 (43) | 32 (64) | 0.03 | ||
| Insulin | 4 (8) | 3 (6) | 0.97 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 21 (42) | 46 (92) | <0.0001 | ||
| Β-blockers | 17 (77) | 26 (96) | 0.06 | ||
| Spironolactone/eplerenone | 7 (14) | 41 (82) | 0.01 | ||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 17 (35) | 26 (53) | 0.06 | ||
| ACE inhibitors | 22 (45) | 43 (86) | <0.0001 | ||
| Sartans (ARBs) | 22 (45) | 8 (16) | 0.001 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 16 (32) | 4 (8) | 0.005 | ||
| Digoxin | 0 | 12 (24) | 0.0008 | ||
BMI, body mass index; GFR MDRD, glomerular filtration rate on the basis of the study “Modification of Diet in Renal Disease”; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; CysC, cystatin C; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 2; PIIINP, collagen III N-terminal propeptide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; CT-1, cardiotrophin 1; IL1R1, interleukin 1 receptor, type I; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrial diameter; E, early mitral diastolic inflow velocity; A, late mitral diastolic inflow velocity; E/A, ratio of early to late mitral inflow velocities; DT, deceleration time of peak early mitral filling velocity; IVSD, diastolic interventricular septal thickness; PWD, diastolic posterior wall thickness; RVDD, right ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVSV, left ventricular systolic volume; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.