Table 1.
GRADE evaluation of interventions for UTI in children
| Important outcomes | Cure of infection, recurrent infection, renal parenchymal defects, adverse effects | ||||||||
| Number of studies (participants) | Outcome | Comparison | Type of evidence | Quality | Consistency | Directness | Effect size | GRADE | Comment |
| What are the effects of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection in children? | |||||||||
| at least 10 RCTs (at least 1069) | Recurrent infection | Prophylactic antibiotics v placebo/no treatment | 4 | 0 | –1 | 0 | 0 | Moderate | Consistency point deducted for different results depending on analysis |
| 3 (446) | Renal parenchymal defects | Prophylactic antibiotics v placebo/no treatment | 4 | –1 | 0 | –1 | 0 | Low | Quality point deducted for lack of blinding in two studies; directness point deducted for different durations of antibiotic prophylaxis |
Type of evidence: 4 = RCT; 2 = Observational; Consistency: similarity of results across studies. Directness: generalisability of population or outcomes.