Table 3.
Hospital-based surveys of patients with diabetes reporting prevalence of diabetic retinopathy using a recognized grading system in Northern, Western and Middle Africa
| Study | Country | Methods | n | Any diabetic retinopathy (%) | Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (%) | Clinically significant macular oedema (%) | Statistically significant associations of diabetic retinopathy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Africa | |||||||
| Elbagir et al., 1995 [53] | Sudan | Patients with diabetes requiring insulin (duration > 1 year) aged 15–75 years attending medical outpatient department examined with direct ophthalmoscope by a physician | 91 | 43 | 10* | Not reported | Current age of patient, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI (univariate analysis) |
| Macky et al., 2011 [39] | Egypt | Patients > 18 years of age attending a diabetes clinic examined with slit-lamp biomicroscopy by ophthalmologist. Excluded 47 patients because of media opacities | 1325 | 20.5 | 2.3 | 11.5 | Duration of diabetes, hypertension, female gender (univariate analysis) |
| Western Africa | |||||||
| Ikem and Akinola, 2001 [47] | Nigeria | Consecutive patients with Type 2 diabetes seen at medical outpatient department. Examined by physician; instrument not stated | 132 | 41.1 | 1.0 | Not reported | Hypertension |
| Alebiosu et al., 2003 [44] | Nigeria | Hospitalized subjects with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Examined with direct ophthalmoscope by physician | 191 | 47.1 | 12.6 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Omolase et al., 2010 [45] | Nigeria | Patients with diabetes attending medical outpatient department. Examined with direct ophthalmoscope by ophthalmologist | 100 | 15.0 | 2.0 | Not reported | Duration of diabetes (univariate analysis) |
| Onakpoya et al., 2010 [46] | Nigeria | Patients with Type 2 diabetes attending a 3° centre diabetes clinic; invited for screening by ophthalmologist with direct ophthalmoscope. 3.6% no fundal view | 80 | 21.6 | 1.2 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Middle Africa | |||||||
| Sobngwi et al., 1999 [49] | Cameroon | Adults attending diabetes clinic. Excluded patients with renal disease. Slit lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist | 64 | 37.5 | 1.6 | Not reported | Univariate analysis: current age of patient, systolic blood pressure, microalbuminuria Multivariate analysis: micro-albuminuira |
*
’Severe retinopathy’ by World Health Organization multinational study criteria [80].