Table 4.

Hospital-based surveys of patients with diabetes reporting prevalence of diabetic retinopathy using a recognized grading system in Eastern Africa

Study	Country	Methods	n	Any diabetic retinopathy (%)	Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (%)	Any maculopathy (%)	Statistically significant associations of diabetic retinopathy
Sulivan et al., 1990 [16]	Seychelles	Patients with diabetes requiring insulin therapy attending diabetic clinic examined by a physician. Instrument not reported	108	15.7	2.8	Not reported	Not reported
Lester, 1992§	Ethiopia	Type 1 diabetes seen 1976–1990. Examination by physician. Instrument not reported	431	9.5	2.6	1.2	Not reported
Lester 1993§	Ethiopia	Type 2 diabetes seen 1976–1991. Examination by physician. Instrument not reported	503	41.1	6.9	4.0	Not reported
Taylor et al., 1997 [17]	Seychelles	Type 2 diabetes: 184 attending an eye clinic, 199 invited for screening. Ophthalmologist slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination	383	28	4	19	Insulin therapy, duration
Seyoum and Mengistu, 2001 [54]	Ethiopia	Patients attending a diabetes clinic. Direct ophthalmoscope examination by ophthalmologist. Three patients excludedas no fundal view	302	37.8	1.7	Not reported	Current age of patient, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, proteinuria
Teshome and Melaku, 2004 [25]	Ethiopia	Consecutive patients seen at a retinal clinic (not all had diabetes). Slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist	1390	28.7	9.9	11.1‡	Not reported
Mumba et al., 2007 [55]	Tanzania	Patients > 18 years attending diabetes clinic. No previous fundus examination. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist	86	20.9	1.2	Not reported	Not reported
Mwale et al., 2007 [40]	Kenya	Clinic patients with Type 2 diabetes. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist. Excluded cornea or media opacity	96	22.6	0	Not reported	Not reported
Gill et al., 2008 [18]	Ethiopia	Consecutive patients attending hospital diabetes clinic in a remote region. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist	105	21	1.9	Not reported	Not reported
Glover et al., 2011 [52]	Malawi	Consecutive adults attending a hospital diabetes clinic. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by ophthalmologist	281	32.0	5.7	15.0*	Albuminuria, neuropathy, insulin therapy†

^*Sight-threatening maculopathy according to Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study adaptation of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading [81].

^†Multivariate associations of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy for patients with Type 2 diabetes.

^‡Clinically significant macular oedema.

^§Multiple publications [43,56,57] with overlapping populations have emanated from the diabetes clinic at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. For the purposes of this review, these papers are viewed as one study. Data presented from Lester 1992 [56] and Lester 1993 [57].