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. 2015 May 6;3(5):e12381. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12381

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© 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Effect of peripheral blockade of cholinergic muscarinic and α-, β-adrenergic receptors on HVGC elicited by centrally administered insulin in conscious Wistar rats. (A) Basal levels of hepatic glucose (mg/dL) prior to pretreatment with adrenergic (phentolamine; PHENT + propranolol; PROP) and cholinergic (atropine methyl-bromide; ATROP) antagonists. (B) Percentage (%) and area under the curve (AUC, panel (C) HVGC after administration of insulin (n = 5) and/or denatured insulin (vehicle control, n = 5) into the lateral ventricle of Wistar pretreated with ATROP (n = 5) or PHENT+PROP (n = 5) intravenously. One-Way ANOVA; P < 0.05 & P < 0.001. NS = not significant.