Table 2.
Overview of hemodynamic changes in models of RV pressure load
| Species | Model | Signs and symptoms | Survival | Exercise | RVP | EDP | Ees | Ees/Ea | Eed | CI or CO | EDV | Ref | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peripheral pressure load | |||||||||||||
| Rat | mct30 | None | No mortality | n/a | 27 | 56 | 21 | = | −16 | 9 | 13 S | [36] | |
| Rat | mct80 | ↓BW, inactivity | No mortality | n/a | 67 S | 38 | 15 | ↓ | −9 | −26 | 89 S | [36] | |
| Rat | mct80 | Yes (see R1) | No mortality | V ↓ | 96 S | 199 S | 188 S | n/a | 4 | −8 | 30 | [17] | R1, R2 |
| Rat | mct60 | ↓BW, resp distress | ↑ mortality | n/a | 166 S | 200 S | 400 S | ↓ | 700 S | −60 S | n/a | [34] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 325 S | n/a | 766 S | = | 500 S | −64 S | n/a | [102] | |
| Rat | mct40 | None | No mortality | F ↓ | 120 S | 400 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | −45 S | n/a | [56] | |
| Rat | mct60 | Yes (see R3) | n/a | F ↓ | 180 S | 650 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | −10 | n/a | [56] | R3 |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | 140 S | 333 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | −30 S | 19 | [32] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 160 S | 200 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | −25 S | n/a | [27] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 110 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −60 S | n/a | [69] | |
| Rat | mct40 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 110 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −29 S | n/a | [103] | |
| Rat | mct40 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 121 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −39 S | n/a | [99] | R4 |
| Rat | SuHx | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | 200 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −63 S | n/a | [32] | |
| Rat | SuHx | n/a | ↑ mortality | F ↓ | 222 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −42 S | n/a | [88] | |
| Rat | SuHx | n/a | No mortality | n/a | 208 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −42 S | n/a | [28] | R5 |
| Rat | SuHx | n/a | n/a | n/a | 283 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [66] | |
| Rat | FHR | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | 36 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −42 S | n/a | [104] | |
| Rat | mct80 | ↓ BW | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −50 S | 25 S | [51] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −83 S | n/a | [105] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 126 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [106] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 130 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [107] | |
| Rat | mct60 | Yes (see R6) | ↑ mortality | n/a | 133 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [108] | R6 |
| Rat | mct60 | Yes (see R7) | ↑ mortality | n/a | 133 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [109] | R7 |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | ↑ mortality | n/a | 133 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [110] | |
| Rat | mct80 | Yes (see R8) | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [37] | R8 |
| Rat | mct30 | none | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [65] | |
| Rat | mct80 | Yes (see R9) | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [65] | R9 |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [94] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [98] | |
| Rat | mct60 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [83] | |
| Pigs | AVS | n/a | No mortality | n/a | 29 S | n/a | −13 | ↓ | n/a | −44 S | n/a | [81] | R10 |
| Pigs | AVS | n/a | No mortality | n/a | 84 S | n/a | 74 S | = | n/a | 3 | n/a | [39] | R11 |
| Proximal pressure load | |||||||||||||
| Lamb | pab > 8 | None | No mortality | n/a | 433 S | 75 | 281 S | n/a | 62 S | −37 S | −13 | [42] | R12 |
| Rabbit | pab5 | None | No mortality | n/a | 271 S | 30 S | 185 S | n/a | 62 | n/a | n/a | [58] | |
| Dog | pab13 | n/a | No mortality | n/a | 105 S | n/a | 243 S | n/a | 116 S | 0 | n/a | [41] | |
| Rat | pab4 | Mild symptoms | No mortality | V ↓ | 169 S | 500 S | 162 S | n/a | 125 S | −15 S | 60 S | [16] | |
| Rat | pab8 | ABCDE (see R13) | ↑ mortality | n/a | 204 S | 300 S | 338 S | ↓ | 1053 S | −50 S | n/a | [43] | R13 |
| Rat | pab6 | None | n/a | n/a | 117 S | 40 | 100 S | n/a | n/a | −5 | −18 | [26] | |
| Rat | pab12 | None | n/a | n/a | 97 S | 50 | 9 | n/a | n/a | −25 S | n/a | [111] | R14 |
| Rat | pab20 | None | n/a | n/a | 113 S | 17 | −9 | n/a | n/a | −12 | n/a | [111] | R15 |
| Rat | pab3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 166 S | 200 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | −26 S | n/a | [27] | |
| Mouse | pab4 | None | No mortality | V ↓ | 300 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | 20 S | [8] | |
| Rat | pab4 | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | 220 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −53 S | n/a | [32] | |
| Rat | pab7 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 152 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −37 S | n/a | [69] | |
| Rat | pab6 | Yes (see R16) | No mortality | n/a | 200 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | n/a | [86] | R16 |
| Rat | pab6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 217 S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [66] | |
| Rat | pab22 | n/a | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | n/a | [28] | |
| Mouse | pab3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | 75 S | [38] | |
| Rat | pab4 | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −42 S | n/a | [15] | |
| Rat | pab6 | n/a | No mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | n/a | [28] | |
| Rat | pab8 | n/a | n/a | F ↓ | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −45 S | n/a | [15] | |
| Rat | pab lowcu | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [28] | |
| Rat | pab3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [50] | |
| Rat | pab6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [50] | |
| Mouse | pab6 | Yes (see R17) | ↑ mortality | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [29] | R17 |
| Rat | pab9 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | [50] | |
Numbers are percentages increase/decrease versus controls. For some studies and parameters, these are approximations depending on how precise data were reported. S indicates a significant change versus controls. Number behind ‘MCT’ indicates the dosage of monocrotaline in mg/kg. Number behind ‘PAB’ indicates number of weeks after which measurements were performed
MCT monocrotaline, PAB pulmonary artery banding, FHR fawn-hooded rat, SuHx Sugen–Hypoxia, AVS arterio-venous shunt, BW bodyweight, RVP right ventricular peak or systolic pressure, EDP end-diastolic pressure, Ees end-systolic elastance, Ea arterial elastance, Eed end-diastolic elastance, CI cardiac index, CO cardiac output, EDV end-diastolic volume
*for exercise V indicates voluntary exercise testing, F indicates forced exercise testing; ↓ = decreased; ↑ = increased; == unchanged
Remarks: R1 Some weight loss, inactivity and dyspnea. R2 V↓ was trend (p = 0.08). R3 > 5 % loss of body mass a day, lethargy, cyanosis, respiratory distress. R4 CO estimated on ventricular diameters. R5 Pericardial fluid on echo; mortality steeply increased after 6 weeks. R6/R7 BW loss > 10 % for 2 days and arterial oxygen saturation <80 %. R8 ‘signs of heart failure including pleural effusion and ascites’. R9 Weight loss, pleural effusion, ascites. R10/R11 Hemodynamic measurements after shunt clamping. R12 Duration of PAB varied, but exceeded 8 weeks. Eed is stiffness constant. R13 All ABCDE categories (see Table 1). R14/R15 CO is very low in these studies. R16 Failure symptoms are not defined. R17 Failure symptoms were: edema, bodyweight changes (both ↑ and ↓). EDP was 300 S after 10 days in the tightest PAB group